烧伤后早期应用中/长链甘油三酯对患者免疫功能的影响

目的　探讨烧伤后早期肠内喂养中链甘油三酯 (MCT) /长链甘油三酯 (LCT)对机体免疫功能的影响及其可能机制。　方法　选取 30例烧伤面积 >30 %TBSA的患者 ,随机分为两组 (每组 15例 )。F组 ,饲以含MCT/LCT的肠内营养制剂Fresubin 75 0MCT ;N组 ,饲以只含LCT的肠内营养制剂Nutrison。于伤后 2 4h内进行完全肠内营养支持 ,共持续 10d。于伤后 1、4、7、10d检测两组患者血浆白细胞介素 (IL) 2、IL 4、前列腺素 (PG)E2 及外周血T淋巴细胞转化率的改变。　结果　伤后各时相点F组患者血浆IL 2水平与N组相比 ,无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;伤后 4dF组PGE2 水平较N组明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ;伤后 4、7、10dF组IL 4水平及外周血T淋巴细胞转化率均明显高于N组 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1)。　结论　在改善烧伤后机体的免疫功能方面 ,含MCT/LCT的肠内营养制剂较单纯LCT制剂更具优势。     

The upregulation of glial glutamate transporter-1 participates in the induction of brain ischemic tolerance in rats.

Glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) plays an essential role in removing glutamate from the extracellular space and maintaining the glutamate below neurotoxic level in the brain. To explore whether GLT-1 plays a role in the acquisition of brain ischemic tolerance (BIT) induced by cerebral ischemic preconditioning (CIP), the present study was undertaken to observe in vivo changes in the expression of GLT-1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the CA1 hippocampus during the induction of BIT, and the effect of dihydrokainate (DHK), an inhibitor of GLT-1, on the acquisition of BIT in rats. Immunohistochemistry for GFAP showed that the processes of astrocytes were prolonged after a CIP 2 days before the lethal ischemic insult, which could protect pyramidal neurons in the CA1 hippocampus against delayed neuronal death induced normally by lethal ischemic insult. The prolonged processes extended into the area between the pyramidal neurons and tightly surrounded them. These changes made the pyramidal layer look like a 'shape grid'. Simultaneously, the prolonged and extended processes showed a great deal of GLT-1. Western blotting analysis showed significant upregulation of GLT-1 expression after the CIP, especially when it was administered 2 days before the subsequent lethal ischemic insult. Neuropathological evaluation by thionin staining showed that DHK dose-dependently blocked the protective role of CIP against delayed neuronal death induced normally by lethal brain ischemia. It might be concluded that the surrounding of pyramidal neurons by astrocytes and upregulation of GLT-1 induced by CIP played an important role in the acquisition of the BIT induced by CIP.     

吸入性损伤犬降钙素的变化

目的单因素观察吸入性损伤或烧伤后血清免疫反应性降钙素(iCT)的变化,分析其诊断意义。方法将24只犬随机分为单纯吸入性损伤后中度(A)、重度(B)、特重度损伤(C)组及单纯重度烧伤(D)组,每组6只。吸人性损伤犬均在伤后6 h行纤维支气管镜检查,以明确其损伤程度。分别于不同时相点抽取犬静脉血检测iCT含量,抽取动脉血做血气分析。结果(1)经纤维支气管镜检查,证实A、B、C组犬符合吸入性损伤的预期程度。(2)与伤前值(38±22)ng／L比较,各组吸人性损伤犬iCT含量在伤后1 h均明显升高(P<0．05),伤后4 h明显高于D组(P(0．05),其中A组于24 h达峰值(453±224)ng／L,B、C组在48 h内呈进行性升高。D组犬iCT含量在伤后2 h开始持续升高,至伤后48 h为(125±41)ng／L。(3)血气分析结果显示,与伤前值(109±8)mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0．133 kPa)比较,A、D两组氧分压(PaO2)伤后各时相点无明显差异(P>0．05),B、C组犬从伤后8 h和伤后4 h开始持续下降,分别为(65±6)、(71±9)mm Hg。与二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)的伤前值(38±5)mm Hg比较,C组犬伤后24 h PaCO2开始升高[(52±11)mm Hg]。结论在吸入性损伤后8 h内,iCT的变化明显早于血气分析指标,其诊断意义接近纤维支气管镜检查。     

重组人骨形成蛋白2骨诱导中神经生长因子及其受体的表达

目的 观察重组人骨形成蛋白2（recombined human bone morphogenetic protein2，rhBMP-2）异位诱导成骨过程中神经生长因子（nerve growth factor，NGF）及其高亲和力受体（tyrosine kinasere ceptor A，TrkA）的表达，探讨NGF在BMP骨诱导中的作用。方法ICR小鼠36只，随机分为实验组和对照组，每组18只，均制备右侧股后部肌袋异位成骨模型。实验组植入含rhBMP-2胶原复合物，对照组仅植入相同体积的胶原海绵。分别于术后7、14和21d取材，行大体、组织学、免疫组织化学观察及RT-PCR检测。结果大体观察实验组术后7d，右股后部可扪及较硬肿块；术后14、21d，肿块硬度增加。对照组各时间点未发现肿块。组织学观察实验组中rhBMP-2胶原复合物具有良好的诱导成骨能力，免疫组织化学结果显示骨诱导材料植入后7d，NGF于成纤维细胞、成软骨细胞、软骨细胞、肥大软骨细胞和成骨细胞中均有阳性表达；14d，NGF阳性表达局限于部分成骨细胞、幼稚骨细胞和成骨样细胞，同时在骨髓中单核巨噬细胞、多核巨噬细胞和破骨细胞中有明显表达；21d，只有少量成骨样细胞和破骨细胞以及骨髓中多核巨噬细胞有NGF表达；TrkA免疫组织化学染色与NGF的表达基本一致。对照组术后各时间点未见成骨现象。实验组NGFmRNA的RT-PCR检测显示，术后7dNGF的mRNA表达最高，14d表达下降，21d只有微量表达。结论rhBMP-2复合物是一种有效的诱导成骨材料。在外源性BMP诱导成骨过程中有明显的NGF及其高亲和力受体TrkA的表达，NGF可以通过直接和间接的方式参与BMP的诱导成骨过程。     

强直性脊柱炎股骨近段形态学改变对全髋关节置换术假体选择的意义

目的分析强直性脊柱炎股骨近段的形态学改变,及其改变对全髋关节置换术假体选择的意义。方法1999年1月~2004年6月,将13例(16髋)强直性脊柱炎患者设为选择组,患者均已出现关节强直,需行全髋关节置换术。另16例(19髋)为对照组,为非强直性脊柱炎患者而拟行全髋关节置换术。两组患者均摄髋关节正侧位X线片,测量Singh指数、髓腔张开指数、皮质形态指数及皮质骨指数,并进行统计学分析。结果选择组Singh指数、髓腔张开指数及皮质形态指数分别为3.81±0.54、2.63±0.41及2.02±0.38,对照组分别为4.63±0.62、3.03±0.27及2.76±0.28,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。选择组皮质骨指数为1.69±0.69,对照组为2.12±0.24,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。选择组患者髓腔呈烟囱型10例13髋,普通型3例3髋;对照组烟囱型3例3髋,普通型13例16髋。结论强直性脊柱炎的全髋关节置换术应采用骨水泥型人工关节假体,并根据患者髓腔形态使用定制型骨水泥假体,以达到更好的近段固定效果。对于有严重骨质疏松者应按关节翻修术处理。     

血管内皮生长因子抗体靶向血管治疗对增生性瘢痕Ⅰ型胶原蛋白表达的影响

目的观察血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)抗体靶向血管治疗对人增生性瘢痕Ⅰ型胶原蛋白在裸鼠体内表达的影响。方法将1％TBSA深Ⅱ度创面愈合后的增生性瘢痕组织块(取自1例女性烧伤患者)植入48只BALA／C裸鼠肩胛部皮下,建立裸鼠增生性瘢痕移植模型。术后3周,将裸鼠分为大剂量组、中剂量组、小剂量组及对照组,每组12只,分别用0．01 mol／L灭菌磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)稀释的15、10、5μg／ml VEGF单克隆抗体200μl以及等量、同浓度的PBS进行瘢痕内直接注射,每周2次,持续3周。术后45 d,测量各组裸鼠瘢痕组织的大小,计算体积;以HE染色行组织学观察;采用逆转录聚合酶链反应与蛋白质印迹法分析瘢痕组织Ⅰ型前胶原蛋白mRNA和Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的表达。结果大剂量组、中剂量组、小剂量组瘢痕体积分别为(55．3±4．1)、(67．9±5．7)、(78．9±5．5)mm3;与对照组(85．0±7．3)mm3比较,大剂量组、中剂量组瘢痕体积明显变小(P< 0．05)。大剂量组、中剂量组血管和成纤维细胞较少,胶原纤维减少,排列较整齐。与对照组比较,大剂量组和中剂量组Ⅰ型前胶原蛋白mRNA和Ⅰ型胶原蛋白表达明显降低;小剂量组与之接近。结论VEGF抗体靶向血管治疗可抑制增生性瘢痕血管形成、胶原表达及瘢痕生长。     

联合肩胛/肩胛旁分叶皮瓣修复严重颌颈部瘢痕挛缩

目的探讨临床应用联合肩胛/肩胛旁分叶皮瓣显微修复严重颌颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形,并重建颈部三维活动功能及轮廓外观的方法和疗效。方法2003年1月~2004年11月,收治9例严重颌颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形患者,年龄9~32岁。病程2~18年。瘢痕挛缩程度为3~4度。行瘢痕切除,对颈部挛缩组织松解复位所致软组织缺损创面采用联合肩胛/肩胛旁分叶皮瓣进行解剖分区的显微修复。分叶皮瓣范围最大分叶皮瓣为20cm×8cm~20cm×11cm,最小分叶皮瓣为15cm×4cm~15cm×6cm。结果9例患者有8例分叶皮瓣成活,1例肩胛皮瓣远端发紫,经换药加压包扎后成活。其中8例术后获3~9个月随访,畸形无复发,颌颈角恢复至90~105°;3例行二期皮瓣臃肿修整手术。患者对术后颌颈部外观和功能均满意。结论对于严重颌颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形,联合肩胛/肩胛旁分叶皮瓣可提供足够的组织覆盖,有可靠的血管蒂,对于重建颌颈部功能和外形,是一种较好的手术选择。     

生物衍生骨复合骨髓基质干细胞修复山羊胫骨缺损的血管化研究

目的研究生物衍生骨与骨髓基质干细胞(marrow stromal stem cells, MSCs)复合修复山羊胫骨缺损的血管化过程,了解其修复长段管状负重骨缺损的血管化情况. 方法制备生物衍生骨作为支架材料,培养、诱导MSCs作为种子细胞,二者在体外复合构建组织工程骨.20只山羊双侧胫骨中段制备成20 mm长的骨-骨膜缺损模型,采取自身左右侧对照,实验侧(右侧)缺损处植入组织工程骨,对照侧(左侧)植入单纯支架材料,采用钢板内固定.术后2、4、6及8周用墨汁灌注透明标本及血管面积图像分析方法观察血管化过程,组织学观察血管形成及成骨情况. 结果术后2、4周,实验侧血管形成较对照侧少(P<0.05);术后8周,两侧均完全血管化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).实验侧于术后6、8周新骨形成逐渐增加,材料降解吸收较对照组快;对照侧术后8周材料孔隙内仍无明显新骨形成. 结论生物衍生骨作为骨组织工程的支架材料,能够较快发生血管化;组织工程骨成骨能力较单纯支架材料强.     

Innervation of the trapezius muscle: is cervical contribution important to its function?

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of the cervical plexus and the accessory nerve to the function of the trapezius muscle. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Eighteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. The neurotomies were performed in the left sides and the right sides served as within-subject controls. In group A, the accessory nerve was transected. The C2-5 were transected in group B, and both of the accessory nerve and C2-5 were cut in group C. The electrophysiologic, myophysiologic, and histologic changes of the muscles were measured. RESULTS: There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between the three groups in the recovery rates of the transverse area of the muscles. The CMAP recorded from the experimental sides in group B were similar to the control sides. The values of the maximum tension of the tetanus contraction between the two sides showed no differences either (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The accessory nerve supplies the most important motor input to the trapezius. Motor innervations of the cervical plexus are not very significant.