多节段非连续性脊柱骨折手术治疗研究进展

<正>随着社会的高速发展和交通运输业的不断发展,多节段非连续性脊柱骨折(MNSF)的发生率呈上升趋势,主要由高空坠落、交通事故及重物砸击等暴力因素造成[1]。暴力直接造成的第一处骨折为原发伤,此处骨折往往严重,力继续向上下传导过程中,由于某种原因停留在另一椎体,造成相邻或间隔的继发脊柱骨折;原发损伤多为爆裂骨折并常伴有脱位,继发损伤部位常无神经损伤或损伤症状被原发损伤造成的神经     

曲马多超前镇痛在局麻下胸腰段骨质疏松骨折椎体后凸成形术中的效果

目的: 探讨术前肌注曲马多用于局麻下行经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)的超前镇痛效果。方法: 自2019年8月至2021年6月收治118例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,OVCFs)患者,观察组59例,男26例,女33例;年龄57~80(67.69±4.75)岁;T₁₁ 14例,T₁₂ 12例,L₁ 18例,L₂ 15例;予PKP术前0.5 h肌肉注射曲马多100 mg。对照组59例,男24例,女35例;年龄55~77(68.00±4.43)岁;T₁₁ 19例,T₁₂ 11例,L₁ 17例,L₂ 12例;予肌肉注射等量生理盐水。记录两组手术时间和术中出血量,采用视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)评估两组术前(T0)及术中穿刺时(T1)、放置工作套管时(T2)、球囊扩张时(T3)、骨水泥注入椎体时(T4)、术后2 h (T5)、出院时(T6)的疼痛程度;观察头晕、恶心、呕吐等不良反应,出院时询问患者对再次行PKP手术的接受度。结果: 118例患者顺利完成经双侧椎弓根入路PKP术,术中均未使用静脉镇静镇痛药物。两组手术时间、术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组T1、T2、T3、T4、T5时的VAS较对照组降低(P<0.05);T6时的VAS比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组T6时的VAS较T0降低(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),对再次行PKP术的接受度比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论: 术前0.5 h肌注曲马多用于在局麻下单节段胸腰段骨质疏松骨折椎体PKP术的超前镇痛效果明确,可增加患者术中及术后2 h的舒适度,提高患者手术满意度。     

颈腰综合征的诊断与治疗进展

椎管狭窄在解剖学上表现为椎管容积减少和神经卡压,按病理学分类可分为先天性和特发性[1].前者常因软骨发育不全导致椎弓根长度及间距过短而发生;后者又称为"获得性"椎管狭窄,通常由椎间盘、小关节和黄韧带退行性变导致.椎管狭窄好发于腰椎,其次为颈椎,但胸椎同样可受累,在某些情况下,所有区域可同时受到影响[2].颈腰综合征(串...     

Cementless Porous Tantalum Monoblock Tibia vs Cemented Modular Tibia in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis

Background

With the introduction of new fixation systems and designs, there has been a recent reemergence of interest in cementless fixation of the tibial component in total knee arthroplasty. However, little is known regarding the clinical features and survivorship of the cementless porous tantalum monoblock tibial component compared to the conventional cemented modular tibial component.

腰椎椎间融合术后置入物后移的危险因素

目的探讨腰椎椎间融合术后置入物后移的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2011年10月—2016年12月接受后路腰椎椎间融合术(PLIF)或经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术(TLIF)治疗的628例患者临床资料,以术后是否发生置入物后移将患者分为后移组(22例)和非后移组(606例)。记录所有患者术后发生置入物后移的潜在影响因素,包括性别、年龄、骨密度、手术时间、术中出血量、手术方式、融合节段、置入物类型、螺钉类型、术中是否加压、终板是否刮除、置入是否充分等,分析以上因素组间差异是否具有统计学意义,并对差异有统计学意义的因素采用logistic回归分析评价其与术后置入物后移的相关性。结果 628例患者中22例发生置入物后移,其中轻度后移12例、重度后移10例,后移发生率为3.5%。组间比较显示,螺钉类型、术中是否加压、终板是否完全刮除、置入是否充分4个方面差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示上述4个指标与术后置入物后移具有相关性。结论万向螺钉的应用、术中未加压、终板完全刮除及置入不充分是腰椎椎间融合术后出现置入物后移的危险因素,术中融合器的放置应尽量靠近椎体中央,对置入物后移合并神经功能受损者应尽早行翻修手术。     

The Removal of a Dislocated Femoral Interference Screw Through a Posteromedial Portal

The intra-articular migration of a femoral interference screw is a rare complication after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in the knee. Only a few reports of cases have been published within the last few years and different approaches toward this complication have been described. We report the case of a 23-year-old female patient who was admitted with knee pain after undergoing an ACL reconstruction 4 years previously. After the clinical examination, a knee radiograph in 2 planes revealed a dislocated femoral interference screw lying in the popliteal fossa. During arthroscopy, the interference screw was retrieved through an additional posteromedial portal to avoid an arthrotomy. The causes for intra-articular screw migration are multiple and most cases were reported in the early postoperative period. The arthroscopic removal of a screw is recommended because of the lower morbidity.     

Animal models for glucocorticoid-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis: An updated review

Glucocorticoid-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis is a severe osteoporosis, with high risk of major osteoporotic fractures. This severe osteoporosis urges more extensive and deeper basic study, in which suitable animal models are indispensable. However, no relevant review is available introducing this model systematically. Based on the recent studies on GI-PMOP, this brief review introduces the GI-PMOP animal model in terms of its establishment, evaluation of bone mass and discuss its molecular mechanism. Rat, rabbit and sheep with their respective merits were chosen. Both direct and indirect evaluation of bone mass help to understand the bone metabolism under different intervention. The crucial signaling pathways, miRNAs, osteogenic- or adipogenic- related factors and estrogen level may be the predominant contributors to the development of glucocorticoid-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis.     

Centerpiece钛板内固定在单开门颈椎管扩大成形术中的应用

目的:探讨Centerpiece钛板内固定在单开门颈椎管扩大成形术的临床应用。方法:自2009年1月至2010年12月采用单开门颈椎管扩大成形Centerpiece内固定术治疗颈椎管狭窄症患者25例,男16例,女9例;年龄44～75岁,平均(57.2±6.7)岁。其中多节段脊髓型颈椎病8例,颈椎后纵韧带骨化症12例,发育性颈椎管狭窄症5例。以JOA评分(17分法)及其改善率评价术后神经功能改善情况;术后复查颈椎X线、CT,在术前及术后6个月的颈椎侧位X线片上测量C5节段椎管矢状径,计算椎管扩大率,评价椎管扩大和维持情况及门轴侧骨融合情况。结果:手术时间为(165.5±35.6)min;术中出血量为(325.0±75.1)ml。随访时间6～18个月,平均(7.3±3.8)个月。术前JOA评分为9.3±1.1;术后6个月为14.7±2.1(t=4.12,P<0.05),JOA改善率为(64.5±10.2)%。术后随访X线片及CT示椎管扩大满意,门轴侧均骨性愈合,均未见椎板塌陷和再关门现象,术前C5节段椎管矢状径为(9.0±1.5)mm,术后6个月为(14.3±2.0)mm(t=7.61,P<0.05),椎管扩大率为(67.6±11.8)%。结论:Centerpiece钛板内固定应用在单开门颈椎管扩大成形术中是安全有效的,在抬起椎板获得即刻稳定的同时,可以恢复椎管的完整性。     

Unstable Jefferson fractures: Results of transoral osteosynthesis

Background:

Majority of C₁ fractures can be effectively treated conservatively by immobilization or traction unless there is an injury to the transverse ligament. Conservative treatment usually involves a long period of immobilization in a halo-vest. Surgical intervention generally involves fusion, eliminating the motion of the upper cervical spine. We describe the treatment of unstable Jefferson fractures designed to avoid these problems of both conservative and invasive methods.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective review of 12 patients with unstable Jefferson fractures treated with transoral osteosynthesis of C₁ between July 2008 and December 2011 was performed. A steel plate and C₁ lateral mass screw fixation were used to repair the unstable Jefferson fractures. Our study group included eight males and four females with an average age of 33 years (range 23-62 years).

Results:

Patients were followed up for an average of 16 months after surgery. Range of motion of the cervical spine was by and large physiologic: Average flexion 35° (range 28-40°), average extension 42° (range 30-48°). Lateral bending to the right and left averaged 30° and 28° respectively (range 12-36° and 14-32° respectively). The average postoperative rotation of the atlantoaxial joint, evaluated by functional computed tomography scan was 60° (range 35-72°). Total average lateral displacement of the lateral masses was 7.0 mm before surgery (range 5-12 mm), which improved to 3.5 mm after surgery (range 1-6.5 mm). The total average difference of the atlanto-dens interval in flexion and extension after surgery was 1.0 mm (range 1-3 mm).

Conclusions:

Transoral osteosynthesis of the anterior ring using C₁ lateral mass screws is a viable option for treating unstable Jefferson fractures, which allows maintenance of rotation at the C₁-C₂ joint and restoration of congruency of the atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints.     

椎弓根螺钉结合伤椎成形与结合伤椎固定治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎爆裂骨折的疗效比较

目的:比较椎弓根螺钉固定结合伤椎成形与椎弓根固定联合伤椎固定在治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效。方法:对2010年8月至2015年8月收治的52例骨质疏松性胸腰椎爆裂性骨折进行回顾性分析,其中采用短节段椎弓根螺钉固定联合伤椎椎体成形术27例(A组),男17例,女10例;年龄54~68(61.01±5.41)岁;新版AO分型,A3型16例,A4型11例。采用短节段椎弓根固定联合伤椎固定25例(B组),男13例,女12例;年龄55~66(59.28±6.12)岁;新版AO分型,A3型18例,A4型7例。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、并发症、临床疗效及影像学参数等。结果:所有患者获得随访,时间12~15(12.4±2.1)个月。两组患者一般资料,包括性别、年龄、损伤部位、术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)、Cobb角、伤椎前缘高度比例差异均无统计学意义。手术时间、术中出血量两组差异无统计学意义。术前、术后1周及末次随访时VAS评分A组分别为5.2±0.5、1.2±0.2、0.8±0.1,B组分别为5.0±0.6、2.5±0.4、1.3±0.2;术前、术后1周及末次随访时伤椎前缘高度比A组分别为(49.4±6.8)%、(94.5±1.2)%、(94.1±3.7)%,B组分别为(48.2±7.0)%、(94.3±4.1)%、(90.0±2.3)%;术前、术后1周及末次随访时Cobb角A组分别为(20.4±5.2)°、(2.5±1.8)°、(4.4±1.7)°,B组分别为(19.8±6.8)°、(2.4±1.7)°、(7.0±1.2)°。两组术前与末次随访上述3项评估结果差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);术后1周及末次随访时A组的VAS评分均较B组低(P0.05);A组Cobb角和伤椎前缘高度比术后1周与末次随访差异无统计学意义(P0.05);B组Cobb角和伤椎前缘高度比在术后1周与末次随访比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组术后出现1例内固定失败,B组出现4例内固定失败。结论:对骨质疏松性胸腰段椎体爆裂骨折,短节段椎弓根螺钉固定结合伤椎椎体成形比短节段椎弓根固定结合伤椎固定更有利于减少术后疼痛,维持术后伤椎高度和矢状位排列,减少内固定相关并发症,值得推广应用。