左右侧星状神经节阻滞对冠脉循环影响的实验研究

目的探讨左右侧星状神经节阻滞(SGB)对左冠状动脉急性闭塞区域的心肌组织血流及心肌血氧供需关系的影响.方法取犬24只,急性闭塞左冠状动脉前降支后,随机分为三组.对照组不进行SGB(6只);右侧SGB组(9只);左侧SGB组(9只),观察血液流变学有关指标变化.结果①左冠状动脉前降支闭塞后,心率(HR)、左冠状动脉回旋支血流量(CoBF)、左心室舒张期终末压(EDP)、心肌氧摄取率(MOER)显著增加(P＜0.05);闭塞区域心肌组织血流量(CBF)、心率血压双乘积(RPP)显著减少(P＜0.05);但三组间差异无显著性.②左SGB后HR、舒张期动脉血压(dBP)、CoBF、CBF无显著变化;左颈动脉血流量(LCaBF)、EDP、MOER、RPP与阻滞前相比有意义增加(P＜0.05).③右SGB后,EDP阻滞前后相比有意义增加(P＜0.05);HR、CoBF、RPP显著减少(P＜0.05).④HR、LCaBF、RPP、CoBF左右不同侧变化差异有显著性(P＜0.05).对照组左冠状动脉前下支闭塞后15min和30min各项测定指标没有显著性变化.结论急性左冠状动脉前降支闭塞导致的MOER、RPP的增加,左SGB无改善作用,并使其进一步增加;而右侧SGB后引起HR、CoBF、RPP显著减少.提示急性心肌梗塞时,左SGB有可能使心肌缺血、缺氧恶化,而右侧SGB在解除心脏疼痛的同时可减少心肌的耗氧量,因而有治疗作用.     

创伤性脑损伤患者脑脊液中嗜中性白细胞碱性磷酸酶-1的表达及意义

目的探讨炎性体蛋白嗜中性白细胞碱性磷酸酶-1(NALP-1)在创伤性脑损伤患者脑脊液中表达水平及其与预后相关性。方法选取2017年2月至2018年9月来自首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院的120例创伤性脑损伤患者,选取同期健康体检者30例作为对照组,采用免疫印迹化学发光法检测研究对象脑脊液中炎性体蛋白NALP-1表达水平,根据格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)将创伤性脑损伤患者分为预后良好组(GOS>3分)和预后不良组(GOS≤3分)。χ²检验和t检验分析预后良好组和预后不良组NALP-1和临床资料差异,采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析创伤性脑损伤后患者预后影响因素。结果创伤性脑损伤患者脑脊液中NALP-1表达(1.64±0.52)高于对照组(0.94±0.28,t=7.108,P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。NALP-1高表达组急性生理与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)得分(26.4±5.4)分、脑挫伤比例(76.62%)、蛛网膜下腔出血比例(77.27%)高于低表达组[(22.3±4.5)分、23.38%、22.73%],差异有统计学意义(χ²/t=4.135、9.586、7.424,P<0.05)。年龄[比值比(OR):2.175,95%可信区间(CI):1.167~8.767,P<0.05]、蛛网膜下腔出血(OR:1.241,95%CI:1.101~3.794,P<0.05)、NALP-1(OR:2.841,95%CI:1.675~10.717,P<0.05)、纤维蛋白原水平(OR:1.215,95%CI:1.056~3.627,P<0.05)、APACHEⅡ得分(OR:1.615,95%CI:1.314~5.485,P<0.05)是预后不良独立影响因素,差异均有统计学意义。结论创伤性脑损伤脑脊液中NALP-1表达增加,且表达量升高与预后不良相关。     

Guidelines for the diagnosis,treatment, prevention and control of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli

The dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (CRGNB) is a global public health issue. CRGNB isolates are usually extensively drug-resistant or pandrug-resistant, resulting in limited antimicrobial treatment options and high mortality. A multidisciplinary guideline development group covering clinical infectious diseases, clinical microbiology, clinical pharmacology, infection control, and guideline methodology experts jointly developed the present clinical practice guidelines based on best available scientific evidence to address the clinical issues regarding laboratory testing, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention of CRGNB infections. This guideline focuses on carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriales (CRE), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA). Sixteen clinical questions were proposed from the perspective of current clinical practice and translated into research questions using PICO (population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes) format to collect and synthesize relevant evidence to inform corresponding recommendations. The grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to evaluate the quality of evidence, benefit and risk profile of corresponding interventions and formulate recommendations or suggestions. Evidence extracted from systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was considered preferentially for treatment-related clinical questions. Observational studies, non-controlled studies, and expert opinions were considered as supplementary evidence in the absence of RCTs. The strength of recommendations was classified as strong or conditional (weak). The evidence informing recommendations derives from studies worldwide, while the implementation suggestions combined the Chinese experience. The target audience of this guideline is clinician and related professionals involved in management of infectious diseases.     

子宫腺肌症患者临床特点回顾性分析

目的研究子宫腺肌症患者临床特点,为子宫腺肌症患者的临床管理提供理论基础。方法收集2012年3月至2015年9月于北京协和医院妇产科手术且确诊的291例子宫腺肌症患者资料,对临床检查结果进行统计学分析。结果子宫腺肌症患者发病的中位年龄为[34(29.0,40.0)]岁,确诊的中位年龄为[40(35.0,44.0)]岁。所有纳入患者中,9.3%的患者无症状,17.5%的患者因不孕症就诊,39.5%的患者发现月经异常,71.8%的患者伴疼痛症状。38.8%的患者合并子宫内膜异位症,58.1%的患者合并子宫肌瘤。72.4%的患者术前发现血清糖类抗原125(CA125)升高,超声扫描结果显示85.6%的患者子宫肌层的回声不均匀。接受子宫病灶切除术的患者208位(71.5%),接受全子宫切除伴或不伴附件切除术的患者83位(28.5%);接受经腹手术、腹腔镜手术及宫腔镜手术患者的比例分别为37.8%、59.5%和2.7%。结论子宫腺肌症患者发病年龄较轻,多伴有月经异常、疼痛及不孕症状,合并症以卵巢的子宫内膜异位症多见。因此,应根据子宫腺肌症患者的临床表现及生育要求制定个体化治疗方案。     

Consensus Statement on the Use of Bone Turnover Markers for Short-Term Monitoring of Osteoporosis Treatment in the Asia-Pacific Region

Osteoporosis is a major health issue. By 2050, a greater than 2-fold increase in patients number with hip fractures will occur in Asia representing 50% of all hip fractures worldwide. For the Asia-Pacific (AP) region, more efforts on controlling osteoporosis and the subsequent fractures are crucial. Bone mineral density (BMD) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used to diagnose osteoporosis and monitor osteoporosis treatment. However, the inconvenience, cost, limited availability of DXA and the delay in detection of BMD changes after treatment initiation support an important role for bone turnover markers (BTMs), as short-term tools to monitor therapy. With regards to low adherence rates of medical treatment of osteoporosis, the experts reached consensus on the use of BTMs for both raising awareness and short-term monitoring of osteoporosis treatment in the AP region. The experts endorse the use of BTMs, especially serum C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) and serum procollagen type 1 N propeptide (P1NP), as short-term monitoring tools to help clinicians assess the responses to osteoporosis therapies and appropriately adjust treatment regimens earlier than BMD. Either the absolute values or the degree of change from baseline in BTMs can be used to monitor the potential efficacy of osteoporosis therapies. The use of BTMs can be incorporated in osteoporosis care programs, such as fracture liaison service (FLS), to improve patient adherence and treatment outcomes. Encouraging sufficient reimbursement from health care systems may facilitate widespread use of BTMs in clinical practice in the AP region.     

中国成年人生活方式和心血管代谢因素与甲基化年龄加速的相关性分析

目的比较分析5种甲基化年龄加速指标与生活方式和心血管代谢因素间的相关性。方法基于中国慢性病前瞻性研究中有基线外周血全基因组甲基化检测数据的研究对象980人, 计算Horvath时钟、Hannum时钟、DNAm PhenoAge、GrimAge和Li时钟5种甲基化年龄。根据甲基化年龄对实足年龄回归的残差值计算甲基化年龄加速。研究的生活方式因素包括吸烟、饮酒、饮食习惯、体力活动、经BMI和腰围联合定义的体型。心血管代谢因素包括血压、血糖和TC。利用一般线性模型分析生活方式和心血管代谢因素与各甲基化年龄加速指标的相关性[β值(95%CI)]。结果 GrimAge加速指标与吸烟、饮酒、体力活动水平及BMI存在关联。与不吸烟、不饮酒或BMI为18.5～23.9 kg/m2 者相比, 吸烟者(每天吸烟1～14、15～24、≥25支者对应的β值依次为0.71(95%CI:0.57～0.86)、0.88(95%CI:0.73～1.03)、0.99(95%CI:0.81～1.18)、重度饮酒者[每日纯乙醇量≥60 g:0.33(95%CI:0.11～0.55)]、BMI<18.5 kg/m2者[0...     

全球针对家族史高危人群的结直肠癌筛查指南推荐意见的系统综述

目的 对全球现有结直肠癌家族史高危人群筛查指南的更新进展及推荐意见进行系统总结和评价。方法 以“结直肠癌”“筛查”“指南”“共识”“推荐”“家族史”以及“colorectal cancer”“screening”“guideline”“recommendation”“family history”为关键词,并补充其自由词,系统检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science,并且同时检索官网刊登的结直肠癌筛查指南/共识作为补充,语种限定为中文和英文。截至2022年5月24日,共20篇有效文献。对纳入文献的基本信息、针对家族史人群的推荐意见等进行摘录整理及汇总描述。结果 在20篇文献中,大多数国家/地区/机构根据结直肠癌家族史人群的亲属关系等级,对筛查起止年龄、筛查方式及筛查周期提出建议。多数指南针对有1例60岁前患结直肠癌一级亲属的人群,推荐筛查起始年龄为40岁或比患病亲属诊断年龄提前10年,推荐的筛查方式多为结肠镜。结论 目前全球多数结直肠癌家族史高危人群筛查指南主要针对一级亲属家族史、以结肠镜作为主要筛查方式。本文将为我国针对结直肠癌家族史高危人群筛查策略的更新提供参考依据,进而完善结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治实践。     

老年尸检机化性肺炎临床病理分析

目的 探讨老年尸体解剖中遇到的机化性肺炎的临床病理特点及其可能的原因。方法 从1980—2003年635例老年人尸检资料中检出95例机化性肺炎,观察机化性肺炎的形态特点,并对其临床资料和影像学变化进行回顾分析。结果 机化性肺炎大多数病灶小、散在,经常出现在主要肺部疾病附近,不同病变相伴的机化性肺炎其病变特点也略有差别;95例机化性肺炎周围的主要肺部疾病有：(1)化脓性肺炎及肺脓肿以及慢性复发性肺炎(36例);(2)感染性疾病(真菌、病毒等17例);(3)吸人性肺炎(16例);(4)放射性肺炎(5例);资料还显示慢性胸膜炎、肺不张也常与机化性肺炎相伴。机化性肺炎肺部病变影像学表现呈多样性。结论 老年尸检中机化性肺炎是常见的伴发病变,与多种疾病相关,各种原因伴发的机化性肺炎形态学上大致相似。在相关因素分析中认为老年性机化性肺炎主要与细菌、真菌、病毒等感染有关;吸入性及放射性肺炎等也常伴发机化性肺炎。影像学上肺部感染患者长期不消散的阴影需考虑到出现机化性肺炎的可能。     

羟苯磺酸钙对血液流变及血栓形成作用的实验研究

目的研究国产抗糖尿病微血管病变药物羟苯磺酸钙对血小板聚集、血栓形成、血液粘滞度、红细胞脆性以及出血时间等影响 ,为临床应用提供理论依据。方法与结果羟苯磺酸钙0.15、0.21和0.30g/kg,灌胃 ,每日1次 ,连续3d ,可明显抑制ADP和胶原引起的大鼠血小板聚集 ,其抑制率与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01) ;明显降低大鼠血液粘滞度及改善大鼠红细胞中间脆性 ,其作用与对照组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。羟苯磺酸钙0.15、0.30和0.60g/kg灌胃 ,一次给药 ,可明显抑制大鼠颈动静脉旁路血栓形成 ,其作用呈剂量依赖性 ,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01 ,P<0.05) ;对于小鼠 ,羟苯磺酸钙0.15、0.30和0.60g/kg 灌胃 ,一次给药 ,可明显对抗胶原诱导的血栓形成 ,其降低血栓引起的死亡和偏瘫率呈剂量依赖性 ,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01 ,P<0.05) ;能明显延长小鼠出血时间 ,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论羟苯磺酸钙对于糖尿病微血管病变相关的血液学指标有改善作用。