Controversias en el tratamiento del carcinoma ductal in situ de mama: desenlace desafortunado en una paciente de 32 años

Breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasia in the females, with a much higher incidence in developed countries. Preinvasive lesions are now diagnosed earlier due to the improvement of imaging techniques, and thus the possibility of conservative treatments is increasingEarly detection of neoplasias usually means better treatment results, but the evolution is often unpredictable, so different prediction factors revise in literature debate in order to define adequate treatmentsFrom a clinical case with unfavorable evolution, we discuss prognostic factors in the literature     

How to do comparative dynamics on the back of an envelope for open‐loop Nash equilibria in differential game theory

The primal‐dual comparative statics method of Samuelson (1965) and Silberberg (1974) is extended to cover the class of non‐autonomous, finite horizon differential games in which a locally differentiable open‐loop Nash equilibrium exists. In doing so, not only is a one‐line proof of an envelope theorem provided but also the heretofore unknown intrinrsic comparative dynamics of open‐loop Nash equilibria are uncovered. The intrinsic comparative dynamics are shown to be contained in a symmetric and negative semidefinite matrix that is subject to constraint. The results are applied to a canonical differential game in capital theory, and the resulting comparative dynamics are given an economic interpretation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ageism among College Students: A Comparative Study between U.S. and China

It is often assumed that Chinese people tend to have a more positive attitude toward aging and old age than Americans, due to the cultural generalization of collectivism versus individualism. This study aimed to critically examine this assumption by using first-hand empirical data collected in a Chinese and an American university (standardized surveys and in-depth focus group interviews). Respectively, 980 college students in China and 332 college students in the U.S. were recruited for the standardized surveys; whereas two focus-group interviews in each country (4 participants per group) were conducted to collect more in-depth information. Contrary to the common assumption, this study revealed that Chinese students actually hold more negative attitudes toward aging and older people compared to their American peers. It was also found that females tend to hold more positive attitudes than male students across both cultures, though American female students hold more positive attitudes than Chinese female students. Chinese students’ interactions with seniors are often limited to their grandparents whereas American students tend to reach out to non-grandparent seniors in larger communities. Chinese students’ more negative attitudes toward aging and older people may be a result of a combination of educational, social, and economic factors—a higher level of age segregation (geographically, socially, and intellectually) and a lack of gerontological curriculum in Chinese educational system, the caregiving burden faced by the one-child generation compounded with lack of governmental support for caregiving, as well as the rising youth-oriented consumerist culture.     

Correlates of life satisfaction among older people in China: An examination of two cultural variables

This article examines the relationships between the two cultural variables of having mianzi in social interactions and Chinese cultural beliefs of adversity and life satisfaction among older people in a coastal city in mainland China. The mediating effect of having mianzi in social interactions on the relationship between Chinese cultural beliefs of adversity and life satisfaction is also examined. The study applies a non-probability sampling and adopts a face-to-face interview approach using a questionnaire composed of close-ended questions. A total of 532 valid questionnaires are obtained. Multiple regression analysis is used to test the hypotheses. Findings indicate that the two cultural variables are associated significantly with life satisfaction, while controlling for socio-demographic variables. The variable of Chinese cultural beliefs of adversity is also indirectly associated with life satisfaction through its effect on having mianzi in social interactions. Older people with higher endorsement of positive Chinese cultural beliefs of adversity and higher degree of having mianzi in social interactions tend to have higher life satisfaction. Professionals working with older people should be sensitive to cultural variables that exert impacts on older people's life satisfaction.     

Low frequency steady‐state brain responses modulate large scale functional networks in a frequency‐specific means

Neural oscillations are essential for brain functions. Research has suggested that the frequency of neural oscillations is lower for more integrative and remote communications. In this vein, some resting‐state studies have suggested that large scale networks function in the very low frequency range (<1 Hz). However, it is difficult to determine the frequency characteristics of brain networks because both resting‐state studies and conventional frequency tagging approaches cannot simultaneously capture multiple large scale networks in controllable cognitive activities. In this preliminary study, we aimed to examine whether large scale networks can be modulated by task‐induced low frequency steady‐state brain responses (lfSSBRs) in a frequency‐specific pattern. In a revised attention network test, the lfSSBRs were evoked in the triple network system and sensory‐motor system, indicating that large scale networks can be modulated in a frequency tagging way. Furthermore, the inter‐ and intranetwork synchronizations as well as coherence were increased at the fundamental frequency and the first harmonic rather than at other frequency bands, indicating a frequency‐specific modulation of information communication. However, there was no difference among attention conditions, indicating that lfSSBRs modulate the general attention state much stronger than distinguishing attention conditions. This study provides insights into the advantage and mechanism of lfSSBRs. More importantly, it paves a new way to investigate frequency‐specific large scale brain activities. Hum Brain Mapp 37:381–394, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.