神经前体细胞在成年小鼠脊髓颈段的分布特征

目的观察和分析在成年动物脊髓颈段的神经前体细胞（NPCs）分布特征。方法采用巢蛋白第二内含子增强子控制的LacZ启动子转基因小鼠和LacZ染色及阳性细胞量化技术，观察分析脊髓颈段的NPCs分布特征。结果NPCs在成年小鼠的整个脊髓颈段都可见，但是在不同区其数量和密度不同，在后角最多，其次是中央管，前角和侧角最少。在脊髓后角区NPCs主要分布在胶状质，在中央管NPCs主要分布在室管膜带，在脊髓髓质（白质）区很少，灰质明显比白质多，左右两边无明显差别。结论在NPCs的分布可能与临床疾病脊髓的损伤和修复有相关性，NPCs分布少的区易于损伤且难于修复，像前角和侧角。在后角、中央管和神经胶质细胞分布最多，则难于损伤，较易修复。     

Articular Cartilage Degradation and Aberrant Subchondral Bone Remodeling in Patients with Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis

Osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP) are two skeletal disorders associated with joint structures. Occasionally, OA and OP occur in the same patient. However, the effect of OP changes on OA progression in patients with osteoporotic OA (OP-OA) has not been reported, especially the potential association between subchondral bone and articular cartilage. Thus we investigated the alterations in the microstructure, biomechanical properties, and remodeling of subchondral bone as well as their association with cartilage damage in the hip joint of patients with OP-OA. Thirty-nine femoral head specimens were obtained from patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty (OA group, n = 19; OP-OA group, n = 20), and healthy specimens from cadaver donors were used (control group, n = 10). The microstructure and biomechanical properties of subchondral bone were evaluated by micro–computed tomography and micro–finite-element analysis. Histology, histomorphometric measurements, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess subchondral bone remodeling and cartilage damage. Linear regression analysis was performed to elucidate the relationship between subchondral bone and articular cartilage. In the subchondral bone of the OP-OA group, compared with that of the OA group, aberrant bone remodeling leads to an inferior microstructure and worsening biomechanical properties, potentially affecting transmission of loading stress from the cartilage to the subchondral bone, and then resulting in accelerated OA progression in patients with OP-OA. The results indicate that changes in subchondral bone could affect OA development and the improvement in subchondral bone with bone-metabolism agents may help mitigate OA progression when OP and OA coexist in the same patients. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

全息影像术中导航在泌尿外科腹腔镜和机器人手术中的应用价值

目的探讨全息影像术中导航在泌尿外科腹腔镜和机器人手术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2019年1—12月北京和睦家医院等19家医疗中心收治的86例患者的病例资料,临床诊断包括肾肿瘤78例,膀胱癌2例,肾上腺肿瘤2例,肾囊肿1例,前列腺癌1例,汗腺癌淋巴结转移1例,根治性膀胱切除术后盆腔转移瘤1例。其中,32例接受标准腹腔镜手术,分别为肾部分切除术(LPN)27例,根治性前列腺切除术1例,根治性膀胱切除术2例,肾上腺肿瘤切除术2例;54例接受达芬奇机器人手术,分别为肾部分切除术(RAPN)51例,腹膜后淋巴结清扫术1例,双侧肾囊肿去顶减压术1例,盆腔转移肿瘤切除术1例。两种术式的肾部分切除术患者中41例有可统计的临床数据,其中RAPN 23例,LPN 18例。男26例,女15例;中位年龄53.5(24~76)岁;中位R.E.N.A.L评分7.8(4~11)分。专业工程师根据86例术前增强CT检查图像和诊断报告重建全息影像。术前,全息影像可帮助术者对供应肿瘤或手术切除部位的动静脉血管、淋巴结和神经的立体空间结构及相互关系有更直观的认识,协助术前手术规划。在术中将全息影像与腹腔镜监视器中的术野图像进行实时追踪和融合,实现术中导航。结果本组86例手术均顺利完成。术中通过人工调整全息影像,可提示重要血管如肾动脉和肾静脉在体内的投影位置,帮助术者定位血管、淋巴结和其他重要解剖结构的位置,便于精准分离。本研究采用标准腹腔镜手术和达芬奇机器人手术的肾部分切除术患者中共41例有可统计的临床数据。41例中位手术时间140(50~225)min,其中RAPN为140(50~215)min,LPN为160(80~225)min;中位热缺血时间23(14~60)min,其中RAPN为21(17~40)min,LPN为25(14~60)min;中位出血量80(5~1200)ml,其中RAPN为150(30~1200)ml,LPN为50(5~1200)ml。术中无周围重要脏器损伤。2例LPN患者出现ClavienⅡ级并发症,1例出血1200 ml给予输血,另一例血肿未予处理,自行吸收。此2例分别为前、后肾门肿瘤,R.E.N.A.L评分均为11分。结论全息影像术中导航可协助术者在腹腔镜和机器人手术中对重要的解剖结构进行定位、识别,在减少术中组织和器官损伤、降低手术并发症和提高手术成功率方面有重要的应用价值。     

血清滴眼液治疗严重眼表疾病:英国皇家科学院临床规范指南解读

英国皇家眼科学院近期出台的血清滴眼液治疗严重眼表疾病临床指南,对血清滴眼液治疗严重眼表疾病的现状、机制、适用人群与推荐标准等做了详细介绍。本文将对该指南进行全面解读。     

视网膜色素变性发病机制及治疗进展

视网膜色素变性（retintis pigmentosa,RP）是指以进行性感光细胞及色素上皮功能丧失为共同表现的遗传性、退行性的疾病,RP是主要的致盲性眼病。其遗传方式包括X连锁遗传、常染色体隐性或者显性遗传,也有散发。临床表现为典型的三联征:骨细胞样色素沉着、视网膜血管缩窄和视盘蜡样苍白。RP具有高度的基因异质性(多个突变位点引起同一疾病）及表型异质性。本文对RP的发病机制和治疗方法进行简要综述。     

干眼的发病机制及治疗研究进展

第二次国际干眼研讨会于2017年夏季报告提出,干眼是一种多因素的眼表疾病,其特征是泪膜稳态丧失,伴有眼部症状,其中泪膜不稳定和高渗透压、眼表炎症和损伤以及神经感觉异常具有致病作用。干眼是一个重要的公共卫生问题,会导致卫生成本增高,阻碍日常活动的开展,从而降低人群生活质量。本文简要介绍干眼的病因、发病机制,并着重介绍近2 a来关于干眼治疗的一些新进展。     

玻璃体切割联合玻璃酸钠凝胶辅助内界膜翻转填塞术治疗大孔径特发性黄斑裂孔

目的　探讨玻璃体切割联合玻璃酸钠凝胶辅助内界膜翻转填塞术治疗大孔径特发性黄斑裂孔的疗效。方法　回顾性分析2017年3月至2019年12月在我院行玻璃体切割术治疗的大孔径（最小直径＞400 μm）特发性黄斑裂孔患者68例,其中40例联合内界膜翻转填塞治疗（传统术式组）,28例联合玻璃酸钠凝胶辅助内界膜翻转填塞治疗（改良术式组）。比较两组患者术前及术后最佳矫正视力及裂孔闭合率。结果　传统术式组术后6个月视力（0.842±0.340）logMAR较术前（1.160±0.310）logMAR明显改善（P<0.05）,改良术式组术后6个月视力（0.825±0.288)logMAR较术前（1.204±0.334）logMAR也明显改善（P<0.05）,但两组患者术后视力改善程度差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。改良术式组术后裂孔闭合率（100.00%）高于传统术式组（77.50%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,且随着裂孔直径的增大,传统术式组术后裂孔闭合率逐渐降低。超大孔径特发性黄斑裂孔（裂孔直径>700 μm）分组中,传统术式组和改良术式组患者术后裂孔闭合率分别为61.53%、100.00%,差异也有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　玻璃体切割联合玻璃酸钠凝胶辅助内界膜翻转填塞术是一种安全有效的手术方式,不仅在一定程度改善大孔径黄斑裂孔患者术后视力,还可大幅提高大孔径特发性黄斑裂孔闭合率,尤其是超大孔径黄斑裂孔的闭合率。     

Looking in the mirror for the first time after facial burns: A retrospective mixed methods study

Appearance-related concerns are common following burns. However, there is minimal research that has specifically investigated patients’ reactions when they looked in the mirror for the first time following facial burns. The current study aimed to investigate patients’ reactions and factors associated with distress. Burns patients (n = 35) who had sustained facial injuries completed a questionnaire which examined their reactions when looking in the mirror for the first time. Data were collected between April and July 2013. Participants had sustained their burns 12 months prior to participating, on average (ranging from one to 24 months). Forty-seven percent (n = 16) of patients were worried about looking for the first time, 55% (n = 19) were concerned about what they would see, and 42% (n = 14) held negative mental images about what their faces looked like before they looked. Twenty-seven percent (n = 9) of patients initially avoided looking, 38% (n = 13) tried to ‘read’ others’ reactions to them to try to gauge what they looked like, and 73% (n = 25) believed that it was important for them to look. Mean ratings suggested that patients found the experience moderately distressing. Patients most often found the experience less distressing compared to their expectations. Distress was related to feeling less prepared, more worried and increased negative mental images prior to looking. In conclusion, patients’ reactions to looking in the mirror for the first time vary. Adequately preparing patients and investigating their expectations beforehand is crucial. The findings have a number of important implications for practice.     

剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的影像学诊治进展

目的剖宫产瘢痕妊娠是发病率低、风险极高的异位妊娠,临床症状和体征多样,易误诊为早孕、难免流产等。影像学检查技术在剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的早期诊断及治疗中均发挥着重要作用,本文就此进行综述。