Objective: Our aim was to study the association between early-life factors and the development of endometriosis.
Methods: This case–control study included 440 women with surgically confirmed endometriosis (cases) and 880 women without endometriosis (controls). Information on early-life factors was ascertained retrospectively by in-person interviews with participants and their mothers. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between endometriosis and maternal and paternal characteristics and foetal and infant exposures were estimated using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for frequency matching and confounding variables.
Results: We observed that women who were not breastfed as infants had twice the risk of endometriosis compared with women who were breastfed (adjusted OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6, 4.5). Our data suggested an increased endometriosis risk with neonatal vaginal bleeding (adjusted OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2, 4.3) and paternal smoking (adjusted OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1, 4.9). Although the CIs included the null hypothesis value, caesarean section (adjusted OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0, 3.5) and prematurity (adjusted OR 1.4; 95% CI 0.8, 3.7) were probably associated with the incidence of endometriosis.
Conclusions: Some early-life factors including breastfeeding, neonatal vaginal bleeding and paternal smoking were associated with subsequent, surgically confirmed endometriosis in this cohort of Chinese women. 相似文献
Natural products have attained great importance as they are believed to be the new alternative medicines for conventional therapy. As numerous studies have proved the tremendous medicinal values of Hericium erinaceus, it is necessary to take into account its safety as well as its risk for the recipient. However, mushroom mycelium has an identity distinct from mushrooms, as two specific classes of compounds, hericenones and erinacines, can only be extracted from both the fruit body and the cultured mycelium, respectively. Therefore, this is the first report on the evaluation of the toxicity of H.erinaceus mycelium, enriched with 5 mg/g erinacine A, by a 28-day repeated oral administration study in Sprague–Dawley rats. Three doses of 1 (Low), 2 (Mid) and 3 (High) g/kg body weight/day were selected for the study while distilled water served as control. All animals survived to the end of the study. No abnormal changes were observed in clinical signs. No adverse or test article-related differences were found in urinalysis, haematology and serum biochemistry parameters, between the treatment and control groups. No gross pathological findings and histopathological differences were seen. Therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of erinacine A-enriched H.erinaceus is greater than 3 g/kg body weight/day. 相似文献
Operative techniques to treat traumatic cervical instability have evolved with the development of techniques such as occipital segmental plating, C1 lateral mass screws, a variety of C2 fixation techniques, and C1/C2 transarticular screw fixation, in addition to lateral mass and pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine. These advances have led to benefits, such as improved construct strength and enhanced biomechanical stability. In the current era, it is essential to have a good familiarity with the types of instrumentation available and a comprehensive understanding of the regional anatomy to avoid complications and optimize clinical outcomes. 相似文献