全文获取类型
收费全文 | 34992篇 |
免费 | 3559篇 |
国内免费 | 1593篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 459篇 |
儿科学 | 574篇 |
妇产科学 | 546篇 |
基础医学 | 2737篇 |
口腔科学 | 369篇 |
临床医学 | 3931篇 |
内科学 | 4422篇 |
皮肤病学 | 340篇 |
神经病学 | 1603篇 |
特种医学 | 1332篇 |
外国民族医学 | 68篇 |
外科学 | 4838篇 |
综合类 | 9167篇 |
现状与发展 | 119篇 |
预防医学 | 2992篇 |
眼科学 | 599篇 |
药学 | 2568篇 |
23篇 | |
中国医学 | 765篇 |
肿瘤学 | 2692篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 87篇 |
2023年 | 942篇 |
2022年 | 1283篇 |
2021年 | 1641篇 |
2020年 | 1711篇 |
2019年 | 850篇 |
2018年 | 849篇 |
2017年 | 846篇 |
2016年 | 832篇 |
2015年 | 1063篇 |
2014年 | 1721篇 |
2013年 | 1612篇 |
2012年 | 2247篇 |
2011年 | 2308篇 |
2010年 | 1685篇 |
2009年 | 1682篇 |
2008年 | 1901篇 |
2007年 | 2758篇 |
2006年 | 2471篇 |
2005年 | 2074篇 |
2004年 | 1977篇 |
2003年 | 1425篇 |
2002年 | 1121篇 |
2001年 | 841篇 |
2000年 | 611篇 |
1999年 | 576篇 |
1998年 | 469篇 |
1997年 | 315篇 |
1996年 | 206篇 |
1995年 | 180篇 |
1994年 | 315篇 |
1993年 | 195篇 |
1992年 | 248篇 |
1991年 | 213篇 |
1990年 | 189篇 |
1989年 | 167篇 |
1988年 | 170篇 |
1987年 | 133篇 |
1986年 | 129篇 |
1985年 | 50篇 |
1984年 | 16篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 11篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
The significance of hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) for hepatic graft function assessment was established mostly on retrospective studies and was not widely recognized due to the lack of quantitative data and variation in accuracy. This prospective study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of quantitative HBS for assessing hepatocyte dysfunction and biliary complication in liver transplant recipients.In 57 recipients who had undergone orthotopic liver transplantation, a total of 67 dynamic 99mTc-EHIDA scans were performed and quantitative parameters including the hepatocyte extraction fraction (HEF), time to maximum hepatic radioactivity (Tmax), and time for peak activity to decrease by 50% (T1/2) were calculated. The scintigraphic results based on the 3 parameters were compared against the final diagnosis. A ROC curve analysis was carried out to identify the cutoff value of Tmax for diagnosis of biliary stricture. Correlation between the parameters of postoperative HBS and conventional biochemical liver function indices were also analyzed.Quantitative 99mTc-EHIDA HBS had an overall sensitivity of 94.12% (16/17), specificity of 93.33% (42/45), and diagnostic accuracy of 93.55% (58/62) for detecting hepatocyte dysfunction and biliary complication in liver transplant recipients. The recommended cutoff value of Tmax for diagnosis of post-transplant biliary stricture was set at 15.75 min with a sensitivity of 100.0% and a specificity of 94.0%. The scintigraphic parameters (HEF, Tmax) were statistically significantly associated with the conventional liver function parameters.Quantitative 99mTc-EHIDA HBS offers a noninvasive imaging modality with high sensitivity and specificity to diagnose hepatocyte dysfunction as well as distinguish between patients with or without biliary stricture following liver transplantation. Furthermore, HEF and Tmax values obtained from dynamic HBS show good correlation with conventional liver function parameters. 相似文献
32.
目的比较内镜手术与显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤的安全性和有效性。方法计算机检索Pubmed、EMbase、CBM、CNKI、万方及VIP等数据库,查找所有比较内镜手术与显微手术治疗垂体瘤的随机对照试验或病例对照研究,检索时限均为建库至2014年5月31日。按纳入排除标准由两人独立进行研究的筛选、资料提取和质量评价后,采用Rev Man5.2软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入8个研究、712例患者,结果显示,与显微手术相比,内镜手术肿瘤全切率[优势比(OR)=1.23;95%可信区间(CI)(0.62~2.46);P=0.56]、手术时间(P0.05)、术后激素水平改善率[OR=1.21;95%CI(0.58~2.55);P=0.61]、术后脑脊液漏发生率[OR=1.44;95%CI(0.80~2.58);P=0.23]、脑/脑膜炎发生率明显减少[OR=1.15;95%CI(0.38~3.48);P=0.81]、尿崩发生率[OR=1.17;95%CI(0.71~1.94);P=0.53]均无明显改善,而术后鼻出血发生率[OR=0.24;95%CI(0.07~0.78);P=0.02]和术后住院天数明显缩短(P0.05)。结论内镜手术与显微手术相比其术后鼻出血患者较少,术后住院天数短。 相似文献
33.
34.
S. Xing X. Zhang J. H. Liu X. Huang P. Zhou 《Clinical and experimental immunology》2019,195(1):121-131
Recent experimental strategies to reduce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) have focused largely on modifying innate immunity. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-driven myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-dependent signalling pathways that initiate adaptive immune function are also critical for the pathogenesis of GVHD. This study aimed to delineate the role of host MyD88 in the development of acute GVHD following fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). When myeloablated BALB/c MyD88 knock-out recipients were transplanted with C57BL/6 (B6) donor cells, they developed significantly more severe GVHD than wild-type (WT) BALB/c hosts. The increased morbidity and mortality in MyD88–/– mice correlated with increased serum levels of lipopolysaccharide and elevated inflammatory cytokines in GVHD target organs. Additionally, MyD88 deficiency in BMT recipients led to increased donor T cell expansion and more donor CD11c+ cell intestinal infiltration with apoptotic cells but reduced proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells compared with that in WT BMT recipients. Decreased expression of tight junction mRNA in epithelial cells of MyD88–/– mice suggested that MyD88 contributes to intestinal integrity. Cox-2 expression in the GVHD-targeted organs of WT mice is increased upon GVHD induction, but this enhanced expression was obviously inhibited by MyD88 deficiency. The present findings demonstrate an unexpected role for host MyD88 in preventing GVHD after allogeneic BMT. 相似文献
35.
Many studies have reported age-associated DNA methylation changes and age-predictive models in various tissues and body fluids. Although age-associated DNA methylation changes can be tissue-specific, a multi-tissue age predictor that is applicable to various tissues and body fluids with considerable prediction accuracy might be valuable. In this study, DNA methylation at 5 CpG sites from the ELOVL2, FHL2, KLF14, C1orf132/MIR29B2C, and TRIM59 genes were investigated in 448 samples from blood, saliva, and buccal swabs. A multiplex methylation SNaPshot assay was developed to measure DNA methylation simultaneously at the 5 CpG sites. Among the 5 CpG sites, 3 CpG sites in the ELOVL2, KLF14 and TRIM59 genes demonstrated strong correlation between DNA methylation and age in all 3 sample types. Age prediction models built separately for each sample type using the DNA methylation values at the 5 CpG sites showed high prediction accuracy with a Mean Absolute Deviation from the chronological age (MAD) of 3.478 years in blood, 3.552 years in saliva and 4.293 years in buccal swab samples. A tissue-combined model constructed with 300 training samples including 100 samples from each blood, saliva and buccal swab samples demonstrated a very strong correlation between predicted and chronological ages (r = 0.937) and a high prediction accuracy with a MAD of 3.844 years in the 148 independent test set samples of 50 blood, 50 saliva and 48 buccal swab samples. Although more validation might be needed, the tissue-combined model’s prediction accuracies in each sample type were very much similar to those obtained from each tissue-specific model. The multiplex methylation SNaPshot assay and the age prediction models in our study would be useful in forensic analysis, which frequently involves DNA from blood, saliva, and buccal swab samples. 相似文献
36.
颗粒松质骨压紧植骨全髋关节置换术治疗创伤性髋关节炎的疗效 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
目的探讨颗粒松质骨压紧植骨全髋关节置换术(THA)治疗髋臼骨折继发创伤性髋关节炎的疗效。方法1998年12月-2005年5月,对15例髋臼骨折继发创伤性髋关节炎患者行颗粒松质骨压紧植骨THA,所有患者髋臼假体均采用骨水泥固定,颗粒骨均取自体骨,术后24h后开始被动活动,3个月后开始全负重锻炼。临床随访采用Harris髋关节评分(HSS)系统评分,对任何原因引起髋臼假体翻修均视为临床失败。根据Conn等影像学评价法观察颗粒骨长人情况,根据DeLee的三区法测量臼杯、骨水泥与移植骨间的界面宽度,臼杯的移位程度则依据其相对于泪点间线的距离而定。结果14例患者获得平均4.3年(1.0-7.5年)随访,HHS评分由术前平均42分(10-62分)提高到随访结束时平均84分(58-98分)。1例髋部有轻度疼痛,无患者行翻修手术。大部分髋部恢复了其正常的旋转中心,仅有2例高出对侧0.8 mm。大多数患者影像学表现稳定,2例在Ⅰ区和Ⅲ区出现进行性增宽的透亮带,1例在Ⅲ区出现非进行性增宽的透亮带。1例臼杯假体在术后7年出现明显移位(6 mm),但并没有行翻修手术。结论颗粒骨压紧植骨技术作为一种生物学髋臼重建方法,其联合THA治疗髋臼骨折后继发创伤性关节炎伴髋臼缺损的疗效令人满意,能够恢复髋关节的正常解剖和功能活动。 相似文献
37.
目的 :观察MDA-7/IL-24基因对肝癌的选择性杀伤作用,为肝癌的基因治疗提供理论基础。 方法 :将携带人MDA-7/IL-24基因的腺病毒Ad.mda-7感染人正常肝细胞L02和肝癌细胞HepG2;用RT-PCR法观察MDA-7/IL-24基因的表达;ELISA方法检测细胞培养上清液中MDA-7/IL-24蛋白的浓度;4甲基偶氮唑蓝染色法(MTT)及Hoechst染色观察MDA-7/IL-24对肝癌细胞的生长抑制和杀伤作用;Annexin-V和PI双染后流式细胞仪检测2种细胞的凋亡;用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期。 结果 :复制缺陷型腺病毒能介导外源基因MDA-7/IL-24在肝癌细胞株HepG2和正常细胞L02中的高效表达;细胞培养上清液中有MDA-7/IL-24蛋白的表达; MDA-7/IL-24能明显抑制肝癌细胞生长并可促进肝癌细胞的凋亡;MDA-7/IL-24阻滞肝癌细胞于G2/M期,能选择性杀伤肝癌细胞而对正常的肝细胞无阻滞作用和毒性作用。结论 :复制缺陷型重组腺病毒载体Ad.mda-7能介导MDA-7/IL-24基因在人肝癌细胞中高效表达,促使细胞增殖阻滞及诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,选择性地杀伤肝癌细胞HepG2,而对正常肝细胞L02无任何毒性作用。 相似文献
38.
目的: 研究急性出血坏死性胰腺炎(AHNP)肝损伤中Toll-样受体(TLR)2/4mRNA表达的变化及氯喹的干预效应。 方法:采用逆行胰胆管牛磺胆酸钠(TAC)注射造成大鼠AHNP肝损伤动物模型。动物分为假手术组(S组)、胰腺炎组和氯喹(CQ)治疗组。后2组于术后3,6,12 h分批剖杀,S组于术后6 h剖杀。观察血清淀粉酶、ALT和AST及肝组织NO和TNF-α的变化,RT-PCR方法检测各组不同时点肝组织TLR2和TLR4mRNA的表达。 结果:相对于S组,胰腺炎组大鼠3 h肝组织TLR2和TLR4mRNA表达开始增高,术后6~12 h肝组织TLR2和TLR4mRNA表达迅速达到峰值(P<0.05),肝损伤加重,血清淀粉酶升高,肝组织TNF-α浓度升高,NO浓度逐渐降低(P<0.05);相对胰腺炎组,CQ治疗组TLR2/4mRNA表达降低(P<0.05),肝损伤程度减轻,血清淀粉酶降低,肝组织TNF-α浓度降低,NO浓度显著升高(P<0.05)。 结论:AHNP大鼠肝组织内TLR2和TLR4的基因表达上调;其表达增高可能在AHNP肝损伤的发生、发展中起重要作用。氯喹对大鼠AHNP过程中肝损伤可能有保护作用。 相似文献
39.
胸腺内注射异基因抗原诱导鼠神经移植免疫耐受的实验研究 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
目的探讨小鼠胸腺内注射异基因抗原在同种异体异基因坐骨神经移植免疫耐受中的作用。方法自供体小鼠C57BL/6的脾细胞中提取MHC抗原注人受体鼠Balb/c小鼠胸腺内,于2周后移植供体鼠坐骨神经。48只Balb/c小鼠随机分为4组,A组(胸腺内注射组)、B组(自体神经移植组)、C组(冷冻异体神经移植组)、D组(异体神经移植加用免疫抑制剂组)。于3周后进行电生理学、组织学、免疫学检测。结果A组运动神经传导速度(38.23m/s)与D组(36.39m/s)相比无显著性差异(P〉0.05),组织学、电镜、免疫学(混合淋巴细胞培养及迟发性超敏反应)检测结果均证实B组分别优于A组、D组和C组。结论胸腺内注射异基因MHC抗原可诱导大鼠对异体坐骨神经移植的特异性免疫耐受。 相似文献
40.
目的研究离体培养的海马神经元LKB1表达下调对于神经元微小兴奋性突触后电流(mEP-SC)的影响。方法选用17d的胚胎大鼠培养海马神经元,分别用电穿孔的方法转染CAG-RE质粒和LKB1RNAi质粒,培养10~12d后进行电生理记录,选用全细胞膜片钳方式及自由记录模式,细胞外液加TTX阻断动作电位,加Bicucullin抑制GABA电流,记录神经元的mEPSC,比较2组神经元的mEPSC频率和幅度的差别。结果转染CAG-RE的神经元mEPSC幅度平均为25.6pA,频率平均为(5.21±0.25)Hz,是基线的99.8%;转染LKB1RNAi的神经元mEPSC幅度平均为35.1pA,频率平均为(5.79±0.27)Hz,是基线的127.1%;比较2组间频率、幅度变化,差别有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论LKB1基因表达下调增强了培养海马神经元突触传递的效率。 相似文献