胰腺癌的疼痛及其治疗的研究进展

 胰腺癌是一种恶性程度较高的消化系统肿瘤,发病率持续上升,预后极差,5年生存率低于5%,死亡率极高,几乎达100%。胰腺癌主要症状之一是疼痛,大部分属于神经源性起源,显著降低患者的生活质量并影响功能活动。胰腺癌最常见的疼痛治疗是药物镇痛治疗,这是基于WHO镇痛阶梯规则。但是它并不总奏效,且许多不良反应降低了患者生活质量。胰腺疼痛的侵入性治疗主要包括腹腔神经丛阻滞和内脏神经切断术,可显著降低疼痛水平,有助于提高生活质量。微创手术不应在最后阶段使用,应考虑在疾病早期阶段(如WHO镇痛阶梯治疗的第一或第二步)。本文综合分析了目前临床上胰腺癌疼痛治疗方法,评估其有效性,希望获取更多对治疗胰腺癌疼痛有帮助的信息。     

The value of 18F‐FDG PET/CT in diagnosing and localising deep sternal wound infection to guide surgical debridement

Deep sternal wound infection (DSWI) is a severe complication in patients after open heart surgery (OHS). But there is a lack of appropriate imaging tool to detect the infection sites, which may lead to incomplete debridement. The present study aims to investigate the value of ¹⁸F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT) in comparison with CT scan in diagnosing and localising DSWI. A total of 102 patients with DSWI after OHS were retrospectively collected from January 2012 to December 2017 in our hospital. All the patients had surgical debridements for DSWI with pretreatment imaging of either ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT or CT scan. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of localising infection sites were compared between PET/CT and CT groups, with surgical, microbiological, and histopathological findings as the gold standard. The length of hospital stays and the rate of recurrence were also compared. Ten patients in the PET/CT group had a follow‐up PET/CT scan after debridement, and the correlations between the changes of PET/CT findings and surgical outcomes were analysed. ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT is more accurate than CT in diagnosing and localising DSWI after OHS, which leads to a more successful surgical debridement with a lower rate of recurrence and a shorter length of hospital stay. In addition, follow‐up PET/CT after debridement could evaluate the treatment effect.     

Role of Internal Jugular Venous Ultrasound in suspected or confirmed Heart Failure: A Systematic Review

BackgroundFew data are available on the use of internal jugular vein (IJV) ultrasound parameters to assess central venous pressure and clinical outcomes among patients with suspected or confirmed heart failure (HF).MethodsWe performed electronic searches on PubMed, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, EBSCO, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases from the inception through January 9, 2021, to identify studies evaluating the accuracy and reliability of the IJV ultrasound parameters and exploring its correlation with central venous pressure and clinical outcomes in adult patients with suspected or confirmed acutely decompensated HF. The studies’ report quality was assessed by Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 scale.ResultsA total of 11 studies were eligible for final analysis (n = 1481 patients with HF). The studies were segregated into 3 groups: (1) the evaluation of patients presenting to the emergency department with dyspnea, (2) the evaluation of patients presenting to the HF clinic for follow-up, and (3) the evaluation of hospitalized patients with acutely decompensated HF or undergoing right heart catheterization. US parameters included IJV height, IJV diameter, IJV diameter ratio, IJV cross-sectional area, respiratory compressibility index, and compression compressibility index.ConclusionsThe findings of this systematic review suggest a significant role for ultrasound interrogation of the IJV in evaluation of patients in the emergency department presenting with dyspnea, in the outpatient clinic for poor clinical outcomes in HF, and in determining the timing of discharge for patients admitted with acutely decompensated HF. Further studies are warranted for testing the reliability of the reported ultrasound indices.