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991.
Gayle M. Davey Sonya L. Schober Bart T. Endrizzi Angela K. Dutcher Stephen C. Jameson Kristin A. Hogquist 《The Journal of experimental medicine》1998,188(10):1867-1874
During T cell development, thymocytes which are tolerant to self-peptides but reactive to foreign peptides are selected. The current model for thymocyte selection proposes that self-peptide–major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes that bind the T cell receptor with low affinity will promote positive selection while those with high affinity will result in negative selection. Upon thymocyte maturation, such low affinity self-peptide–MHC ligands no longer provoke a response, but foreign peptides can incidentally be high affinity ligands and can therefore stimulate T cells. For this model to work, thymocytes must be more sensitive to ligand than mature T cells. Contrary to this expectation, several groups have shown that thymocytes are less responsive than mature T cells to anti-T cell receptor for antigen (TCR)/CD3 mAb stimulation. Additionally, the lower TCR levels on thymocytes, compared with T cells, would potentially correlate with decreased thymocyte sensitivity. Here we compared preselection thymocytes and mature T cells for early activation events in response to peptide–MHC ligands. Remarkably, the preselection thymocytes were more responsive than mature T cells when stimulated with low affinity peptide variants, while both populations responded equally well to the antigenic peptide. This directly demonstrates the increased sensitivity of thymocytes compared with T cells for TCR engagement by peptide–MHC complexes. 相似文献
992.
D.A.A. Ala'Aldeen 《The Journal of hospital infection》1997,35(4):255-257
Clinical microbiologists do not normally prescribe prophylactic antibiotics for travellers' diarrhoea, and when questioned at a Hospital Infection Society (HIS) meeting only 2% admitted doing so. During a HIS visit to India, 5 (28%) members took daily ciprofloxacin prophylaxis and none of them developed diarrhoea. 相似文献
993.
STEEN M. JENSEN ADRIAN PIETERSEN XU CHEN 《Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE》1998,21(2):476-477
Routinely the active can ICD is placed in the left side pectoral position, which theoretically gives optimal conditions for a low defibrillation threshold. Some patients, bowever, demand a right pectoral position, which possibly could result in a bigger defibrillation threshold. A right pectoral position was used in 3 of 85 active can ICDs implanted in our institution from 1994. the DFT was 12 J in two and 18 f in one patient. Thus, right pectoral implantation is feasible and offers an alternative approach in selected patients. 相似文献
994.
Glycosaminoglycan Supplementation Promotes Nerve Regeneration and Muscle Reinnervation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A. Gorio E. Lesma L. Vergani A. M. Di Giulio 《The European journal of neuroscience》1997,9(8):1748-1753
This study shows that treatment of rats with exogenous glycosaminoglycans stimulates peripheral nerve regeneration, increases the abundance of mRNAs for myelin proteins and promotes muscle reinnervation. After the sciatic nerve had been crushed the number of regenerating axons in the distal stump was markedly and highly significantly increased by glycosaminoglycan treatment throughout the experimental period. The increased number of axons was correlated with increased axon and fibre (axon + myelin) diameter. The abundance of mRNAs for Po protein and myelin basic protein of regenerating nerves was also affected by treatment with glycosaminoglycans. The increase in mRNA was also observed in the contralateral unlesioned nerve. Such a phenomenon did not occur in saline-treated rats. Glycosaminoglycan treatment markedly increased the number of muscle fibres reinnervated and accelerated the restoration of muscle twitch tension elicited by nerve stimulation. The effect was particularly evident during the early stages (16 and 21 days after nerve crush) of muscle reinnervation. 相似文献
995.
996.
Sarah E. Townsend Christopher C. Goodnow 《The Journal of experimental medicine》1998,187(10):1611-1621
Antigen-specific B cells are implicated as antigen-presenting cells in memory and tolerance responses because they capture antigens efficiently and localize to T cell zones after antigen capture. It has not been possible, however, to visualize the effect of specific B cells on specific CD4+ helper T cells under physiological conditions. We demonstrate here that rare T cells are activated in vivo by minute quantities of antigen captured by antigen-specific B cells. Antigen-activated B cells are helped under these conditions, whereas antigen-tolerant B cells are killed. The T cells proliferate and then disappear regardless of whether the B cells are activated or tolerant. We show genetically that T cell activation, proliferation, and disappearance can be mediated either by transfer of antigen from antigen-specific B cells to endogenous antigen-presenting cells or by direct B–T cell interactions. These results identify a novel antigen presentation route, and demonstrate that B cell presentation of antigen has profound effects on T cell fate that could not be predicted from in vitro studies. 相似文献
997.
U. KRONELD A.-K. HALSE R. JONSSON T. BREMELL A. TARKOWSKI & H. CARLSTEN 《Scandinavian journal of immunology》1997,45(6):698-705
The aim of the present study was to analyse possible differences in immunological features between patients with primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Ten patients with primary SS and 10 patients with secondary SS also suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, were identified according to established criteria for SS. Ten healthy, age-matched women served as controls. The authors analysed the phenotypic characteristics of lymphocytes in peripheral blood as well as in focal inflammatory infiltrates of minor salivary gland biopsies. Functional analyses of T lymphocytes were performed after stimulation with mitogens and antigen. B cell activity was determined at the single cell level by spontaneous and mitogen induced immunoglobulin production. Serum levels of IL-4, IL-6 and IFN-γ were also analysed. Patients with primary SS displayed a significantly higher degree of salivary gland inflammation and reduced salivary flow than did patients with secondary SS. Decreased in vitro T cell responses to antigen and mitogens were evident in both patient groups. The CD4/CD8 ratios in both peripheral blood and salivary gland lesions were significantly lower in primary SS compared with secondary SS patients. Polyclonal B cell activation, measured as the frequency of spontaneous immunoglobulin producing cells, was most prominent in primary SS, whereas a diminished response to poke-weed mitogen (PWM), a T cell dependent B cell mitogen, was more pronounced in secondary SS. The results reveal certain immunological aberrations in the whole group of patients with SS. In addition, the authors demonstrated distinct differences in immune dysfunction between patients with primary and secondary SS, indicating that they may constitute separate entities. 相似文献
998.
999.
Michael S. Sacks David B. Smith Erik D. Hiester 《Annals of biomedical engineering》1997,25(4):678-689
The planar fibrous connective tissues of the body are composed of a dense extracellular network of collagen and elastin fibers
embedded in a ground matrix, and thus can be thought of as biocomposites. Thus, the quantification of fiber architecture is
an important step in developing an understanding of the mechanics of planar tissues in health and disease. We have used small
angle light scattering (SALS) to map the gross fiber orientation of several soft membrane connective tissues. However, the
device and analysis methods used in these studies required extensive manual intervention and were unsuitable for largescale
fiber architectural mapping studies. We have developed an improved SALS device that allows for rapid data acquisition, automated
high spatial resolution specimen positioning, and new analysis methods suitable for large-scale mapping studies. Extensive
validation experiments revealed that the SALS device can accurately measure fiber orientation for up to a tissue thickness
of at least 500 μm to an angular resolution of∼1o and a spatial resolution of±254 μm. To demonstrate the new device’s capabilities, structural measurements from porcine aortic
valve leaflets are presented. Results indicate that the new SALS device provides an accurate method for rapid quantification
of the gross fiber structure of planar connective tissues. 相似文献
1000.
Alexandros Zafiropoulos Eva Andersson Elias Krambovitis Carl A. K. Borrebaeck 《Journal of immunological methods》1997,200(1-2):181-190
The use of in vitro immunization technology for the generation of human antigen-specific antibodies has essentially resulted in low affinity IgM antibodies, resembling an in vivo primary immune response. We now describe a detailed reproducible protocol for a two-step in vitro immunization, which yields isotype switched, antigen-specific human antibodies. The immunizing antigen was a 30aa synthetic peptide, containing both a B (15aa V3 peptide of the HIV-1) and a T helper cell epitope (15aa peptide from tetanus toxin). The immunization protocol includes: (i) a selection procedure of donors with a memory T cell response against tetatus toxoid; (ii) immunization of mature naive peripheral B lymphocytes in two distinct phases, involving a primary and a secondary step. None of the donors which were examined after primary 7immunization showed at any time an IgG anti-V3 specific antibody response, while all the donors showed an IgM response. After the secondary immunization step, anti-V3 antibodies of both IgM and IgG isotypes were detected. The switch frequency event was high among the tested donors (5/8). 相似文献