双源CT双能量心肌血池成像的应用及研究进展

缺血性心脏病已经成为威胁人类健康的高发疾病,判断供血区心肌灌注情况以及冠脉是否有狭窄对预防、治疗缺血性心脏病有重要意义。双能量CT心肌灌注检查在临床上多用于静态评估心肌血池,用于冠心病或心肌梗死的检查。笔者将近年来双源CT双能量心肌血池成像的原理、扫描方法、图像采集及临床应用做一综述。     

乳腺癌放射治疗致心脏损伤的保护及治疗研究进展

乳腺癌是中国女性最常见的癌症,约有27％的乳腺癌患者接受放射治疗,这一比率随着保乳术的增加而呈上升趋势.然而放疗在降低乳腺癌患者的局部复发率的同时,可能会引起心脏的放射损伤,这种损伤一旦出现往往是不可逆的,放射性心脏病(radiation-induced heart disease,RIHD)已成为长期生存患者的主要非乳腺癌死亡原因.随着放疗技术的革新,心脏的受照剂量与体积被一再降低,从剂量学方面预防了RIHD的发生.本文就RIHD的损伤机制、精准放疗对心脏的保护措施、RIHD的影响因素与诊断以及RIHD治疗等方面的研究进展进行探讨.     

A Summary and Evaluation of Current Evidence for Myocardial Infarction with Chinese Medicine

Objective: To provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical application and provoke thoughts for future researchers by conducting a comprehensive summary and evaluation of the current evidence profile for the role of Chinese medicine(CM) in treating myocardial infarction(MI). Methods: Online databases including Pub Med, EMBase, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Medicine(CBM), VIP Journal Integration Platform, and Wanfang database were systematically searched for literatures on CM in treating MI. After screening, studies were categorized into 5 types, i.e. systematic review(SR), randomized controlled trial(RCT), observational study, case report and basic research. General information was abstracted, and the quality levels of these studies and their conclusions were summarized and assessed. Results: A total of 452 studies including 10 SRs, 123 RCTs, 47 observational studies, 28 case reports, and 244 basic researches were selected. Clinical studies centered primarily on herbal decoction and mostly were not rigorously performed. High-quality studies were predominantly on Chinese patent medicines(CPMs) such as Danshen Injection(丹参注射液), Shenmai Injection(参麦注射液), Shengmai Injection(生脉注射液) and Qishen Yiqi Dripping Pills(芪参益气滴丸). The most frequently observed pattern of drug combination was decoction plus injection. Results of SRs and clinical studies showed that CM may reduce mortality, decrease risk of complication, reduce myocardial injury, improve cardiac function and inhibit ventricular remodeling. Findings from basic researches also supported the positive role of CM in reducing infarct size and myocardial injury, promoting angiogenesis, preventing ventricular remodeling and improving cardiac function. According to the current evidence body, CM has proven effects in the prevention and treatment of MI. It is also found that the effects of CPMs vary with indications. For instance, Shenmai Injection has been found to be especially effective for reducing the incidence of acute clinical events, while CPMs with qi-nourishing and bloodcirculating properties have been proven to be effective in inhibiting ventricular remodeling. High quality evidence supports the use of CM injection for acute MI and CPM for secondary prevention. Reports on adverse events and other safety outcomes associated with CM for MI are scarce. Conclusions: Sufficient evidence supported the use of CM as an adjuvant to Western medicine for preventing and treating MI. The choice of drug use varies with disease stage and treatment objective. However, the quality of the evidence body remains to be enhanced.     

青娥丸联合钙剂对乳腺癌内分泌治疗后骨质疏松患者骨代谢的影响

目的 探讨青娥丸联合钙剂对乳腺癌内分泌治疗后骨质疏松患者骨代谢的影响.方法 前瞻性收集乳腺癌内分泌治疗后骨质疏松患者100例,按完全随机原则分为研究组和对照组,每组各50例,研究组给予青娥丸联合钙剂治疗,对照组仅给予钙剂治疗.主要观察指标包括降钙素、骨钙素、碱性磷酸酶、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b、转化生长因子β1、I型胶原羧基末端肽和骨密度.结果 两组患者治疗前骨密度差异无统计学意义[(0.52±0.06)vs(0.54±0.05)g·cm-2,P＞0.05].与对照组比较,研究组患者治疗后6个月时骨密度显著增加[(0.66±0.09) vs (0.58±0.08) g·cm-2,P＜0.05];治疗12个月后骨密度显著增加[(0.71 ±0.11)vs(0.63±0.10)g·cm-2,P＜0.05].两组患者治疗前降钙素、骨钙素、碱性磷酸酶和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗后12个月与对照组比较,研究组患者降钙素水平显著升高[(262.39 ±72.59)vs(231.53 ±62.39) ng·L-1,P＜0.05];骨钙素水平显著升高[(11.53 ±2.69)vs(9.35 ±2.27)μg·L-1,P＜0.05];碱性磷酸酶水平显著升高[(111.59 ±35.35)vs(97.93 ±31.56) IU·L-1,P＜0.05];抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b显著降低[(3.57 ±0.91)vs(4.49 ±1.50) mIU·mL-1,P＜0.05)].两组患者治疗前后转化生长因子β1和Ⅰ型胶原羧基末端肽等均差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 青娥丸联合钙剂有助于改善乳腺癌内分泌治疗后骨质疏松患者骨密度和骨代谢.     

儿童伴可逆性孤立胼胝体压部病变的轻度脑炎/脑病临床及影像学特点

目的:分析儿童伴可逆性孤立胼胝体压部病变的轻度脑炎/脑病(MERS)的临床特征及影像学特点。方法:选取2011年8月至2015年8月就诊于内蒙古医科大学附属医院儿科的15例临床诊断为MERS的患儿,进行头颅MRI、腰椎穿刺、长程EEG、血生化及病原体等检查,并对其临床特征进行分析。结果:15例患儿均有发热、咳嗽或腹泻等前驱感染症状,之后出现一过性轻度嗜睡,伴有下列症状之一:惊厥、头痛伴呕吐、共济失调。查体多数无神经系统阳性体征。其中2例血检支原体鄄IgM(+),3例大便检测出轮状病毒鄄IgM。血生化大多显示低钠血症。所有患儿头颅MRI均出现胼胝体压部孤立性、边界清楚的圆形或椭圆形病灶。经常规抗感染治疗后,1~2周内复查头颅MRI上述病灶完全恢复正常。结论:儿童MERS是一种急性胼胝体压部可逆性病变的轻微脑病,可能与感染相关,经抗感染治疗,1~2 周内可完全恢复。     

袖状胃切除术对肥胖合并2型糖尿病病人糖代谢和胃肠激素的影响

目的 探讨腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)对肥胖合并2型糖尿病病人糖代谢和胃肠激素的影响.方法 前瞻性收集2012年1月-2015年1月肥胖合并2型糖尿病病人80例,将病人按完全随机数字表原则随机分为LSG组和对照组,每组40例.主要观察指标为体质量指数(BMI)、血清糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、胰岛素、胰高血糖素样多肽-1(GLP-1)、肠抑胃肽(GIP)和胃泌素.结果 两组病人入院时BMI、HbA1C、胰岛素水平、GLP-1和胃泌素水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).但与对照组相比,治疗12个月后LSG组病人BMI显著降低[(25.48±2.49) kg·m-2 vs (29.49±2.48) kg·m-2,P<0.001)];HbA1C水平显著降低[(7.26±0.73)% vs (7.99±0.89)%,P<0.001)];胰岛素水平显著降低[(1.32±0.31) μg·L-1 vs (3.13±0.98) μg·L-1,P<0.001)];GLP-1水平显著升高[(39.85±13.56) μg·L-1 vs (12.58±5.32) μg·L-1,P<0.001];胃泌素水平显著降低[(17.46±7.46) μg·L-1 vs (34.73±11.49) μg·L-1,P<0.001].两组病人术前术后GIP水平均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 LSG对肥胖合并2型糖尿病病人糖代谢水平和胃肠激素影响显著.     

A nomenclature for sequence-based forensic DNA analysis

Forensic DNA analysis of casework samples using massively parallel sequencing (MPS) technology requires a system of nomenclature for uniquely labeling sequence-based alleles and artifacts. The DNA Commission of the ISFG has published considerations concerning a nomenclature format that addresses the requirement for unique labeling of sequences. Nomenclatures based on this format can be used in databasing, or communicating sequence types, but the format is lengthy for software interfaces. The sequence identifier (SID) nomenclature addresses this gap by generating short labels able to uniquely identify all sequences (allelic and artifactual) in single-source or casework profiles. Sequences in casework profiles can be uniquely labeled with only two or three SID characters, making the format compact. SID labels can be used in algorithms for identifying and filtering artifacts, and for expressing associations between artifacts and their likely parent alleles. The nomenclature is suitable for use in downstream mixture analysis by any software able to accept character values rather than numeral values. The SID nomenclature is described, and its ability to discriminate sequence-based alleles and artifacts is demonstrated, and its applicability to forensic mixture analysis is demonstrated.     

两种肠道准备方式对胃肠道恶性肿瘤术后手术部位感染的影响

目的:探讨两种肠道准备方式对胃肠道恶性肿瘤术后手术部位感染(Surgical site infection, SSI)的影响。方法:将238例胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者术前随机分为两组,分别为机械性肠道准备组(Mechanical bowel preparation MBP)和联合组,联合组在MBP组基础上联合口服抗生素肠道准备(Antibiotic bowel preparation, ABP),比较两组间SSI发生率的差异;术后将患者根据SSI诊断标准分为SSI组及非SSI组,围手术期监测白细胞(White blood cell, WBC)、白蛋白(Albumin, Alb)、降钙素原(Prcoalcitonin, PCT)、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)等水平,分析两组间各血液指标对SSI的预测作用,并筛选出发生SSI的危险因素。结果:联合组SSI发生率低于MBP组(χ²=12.472,P<0.001)。由重复测量方差结果可得两组间PCT水平整体间差异有统计学意义(F=42.983,P<0.001),且术后第1、3、5 d...     

蜂巢式髓芯减压术治疗早中期股骨头缺血性坏死的有限元分析

目的应用有限元分析的方法对蜂巢式髓芯减压术(Honeycomb core decompression surgery,HCD)和单孔髓芯减压术(Core decompression surgery,CD)治疗早中期股骨头缺血坏死(Avascular necrosis of the femoral head,ANFH)进行比较研究。方法选择在我院住院治疗的股骨头坏死患者,FicatⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期各1例,按照成人股骨头坏死诊疗专家共识(2012版)标准进行纳入和排除。用GE 64排Light spead VCT工作站获取数据,以Dicom格式导入IBM w520个人笔记本电脑,用Mimics16.0软件进行建模。利用Mimics 16.0 CAD功能和3Matic3.0软件,建立Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期共6个单孔和蜂巢式髓芯减压模型。将6个模型在3Matic3.0软件内进行面网格划分和体网格划分,然后导回Mimics16.0软件中,并参照软件中材料公式及灰度值进行材料赋值。导入到ANSYS14.0软件中,进行有限元仿真实验。计算股骨颈和通道应力集中部位的应力,在应力集中部均匀选取10个节点,计算其均值。结果通过有限元数据分析,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期中,加载一定应力后,CD和5孔HCD分别比较股骨头应力,股骨头应变。股骨头和粗隆处髓芯减压术开口处等数据分析说明:股骨头缺血坏死不论Ⅰ期还是Ⅲ期,减压后,无论应力和变形,HCD均优于单孔髓芯减压术。多通道减压更稳定、安全。结论蜂巢式髓芯减压术治疗早中期股骨头坏死具有手术疗效肯定,创伤小,出血少,术后恢复快特点,易于在临床应用推广。     

急性下壁心肌梗死病人急诊PCI术中 出现无复流的相关危险因素探讨

目的探讨急性下壁心肌梗死病人直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）中无复流的发生情况及其危险因素。方法收集126例急性下壁心肌梗死行急诊PCI治疗病人的病历资料,采用logistic回归分析无复流发生的相关危险因素。结果126例急性下壁心肌梗死病人均成功进行急诊PCI治疗,其中有16例发生无复流,发生率12.70%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,急性下壁心肌梗死病人急诊PCI术中出现无复流的危险因素为糖尿病（OR=1.647,95%CI:1.242~1.845,P < 0.05）、发病至急诊PCI时间（OR=5.281,95%CI:2.782~10.018,P=0.002）、术前TIMI血流分级（≤1级）（OR=2.735,95%CI:1.040~3.062,P=0.020）和术前收缩压（OR=1.844,95%CI:1.153~3.638,P=0.015）。结论无复流在急性下壁心肌梗死病人急诊PCI术中具有较高的发生率,应对无复流发生的相关影响因素采取有效的预防措施,降低PCI术中出现无复流的风险。