Alcohol outlet density and related use in an urban Black population in Philadelphia public housing communities

Adolescent alcohol use behaviors are influenced by familial patterns and neighborhood factors. This work explored the influence of individual, family, and environment on alcohol use. Baseline data from a randomized controlled trial with Black mothers son dyads (n=382) were paired with census tract and alcohol control board data. Among mothers, younger age, along with neighborhood factors of alcohol outlet density, race, and education were significantly associated with use. Among sons, older age and alcohol outlet density in the neighborhood predicted use. Findings highlight neighborhood influence, beyond family qualities, as a significant determinant of disadvantaged Black mothers’ alcohol use. Implications for public health policy are discussed.     

Place as a predictor of health insurance coverage: A multivariate analysis of counties in the United States

This study assessed the importance of county characteristics in explaining county-level variations in health insurance coverage. Using public databases from 2008 to 2012, we studied 3112 counties in the United States. Rates of uninsurance ranged widely from 3% to 53%. Multivariate analysis suggested that poverty, unemployment, Republican voting, and percentages of Hispanic and American Indian/Alaskan Native residents in a county were significant predictors of uninsurance rates. The associations between uninsurance rates and both race/ethnicity and poverty varied significantly between metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties. Collaborative actions by the federal, tribal, state, and county governments are needed to promote coverage and access to care.     

华东某省实现“十二五”人群增寿目标的可行性分析与工作策略

目的 :分析华东某省实现"十二五"期间"期望寿命增加1岁"的可行性,并提出相应的工作策略。方法 :收集华东某省2011—2015年人口预测资料、1950—2010年分年龄组的人口、发病和死亡数据资料,利用简略寿命表法、时间序列分析等思路和方法,分析2010—2015年间期望寿命的变化幅度,明确规划目标的实现程度;通过改变防控工作力度,预测实现规划目标的可行途径。结果 :自然趋势下,华东某省2010—2015年期望寿命将增加0.86岁,距规划目标还有0.14岁的差距;通过疾病预防控制工作整体加强0.3%、心脏病防控加强8%、脑血管病防控加强6%、肿瘤防控加强6%、意外伤害防控加强4%等途径可弥补0.14岁的差距,实现规划目标。结论 :加强慢性病和意外伤害防控是未来期望寿命再提升的主要源泉和途径。     

主要慢性病死亡对期望寿命变化归因的分析

目的 :定量测算高血压、心脏病、脑血管病等主要慢性病对期望寿命的影响程度,明确慢性病防控的重点疾病。方法 :收集华东某省1950—2010年分年龄组的人口和主要慢性病的死亡数据资料,运用课题组形成的疾病死亡对期望寿命变化归因的测算思路进行测算。结果 :以2010年为基准年份,1950—2010年,循环系统疾病中高血压、心脏病和脑血管病对期望寿命变化的归因分别为-0.434%、-5.403%和-1.896%,呼吸系统疾病、肿瘤的归因分别为17.742%和8.439%,糖尿病的归因为-1.028%。结论 :高血压、心脏病、脑血管病和糖尿病对期望寿命的变化呈"负归因",且呈现加剧趋势,上述4类疾病应成为未来慢性病防控中的工作重点。     

重庆市彭水县0~2岁婴幼儿喂养现状及其影响因素

目的了解重庆市彭水县0~2岁婴幼儿喂养现状,探讨其影响因素。方法采用方便抽样,对重庆市彭水县县城中7个社区及8个乡镇中606名0~2岁婴幼儿的母乳喂养情况和半固体食物引入时间进行问卷调查,调查数据录入Epidata3.1数据库,采用SPSS19.0软件进行统计分析。结果 4月龄内婴儿纯母乳喂养率为63.6%,6月龄内婴儿纯母乳喂养率为35.3%,63.9%的婴幼儿在出生24h后开奶。大部分婴幼儿蔬菜、水果、谷类、蛋类、豆类、禽畜类、鱼类添加过晚。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,婴幼儿居住地为乡镇,开奶时间较早,是婴儿4月龄内纯母乳喂养的保护因素;喂养人年龄40岁,母乳喂养知识得分优秀者,是婴儿4月龄内纯母乳喂养的危险因素。结论调查地区婴幼儿喂养中开奶不及时,纯母乳喂养率和持续时间有待提高,半固体食物添加月龄不合理,添加过晚现象严重,应向家长提供正确喂养婴幼儿知识指导。     

Laypersons' views of material incentives for enhancing colorectal cancer screening

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) early detection improves health outcomes; screening programmes invest efforts in initiating invitations to target populations to be tested. Enhanced adherence is essential for reduction of morbidity and mortality. Participation rates in Israel are still relatively low.

Objective

To explore lay views regarding the concept of receiving material incentives in exchange for enhanced adherence to CRC screening.

Research design

Qualitative study. Between November 2009 and February 2010 six focus group discussions were carried out in two urban, middle and low socio‐economic status primary care clinics in a Northern city in Israel. Participants were eligible individuals for CRC screening, aged 50–68 (N = 24). Data analysis followed the principles of grounded theory, supported by qualitative software.

Results

Participants found administering incentives in exchange for CRC screening inappropriate on rational and moral grounds. They valued their relations with the medical team and the health system more than the potential gain expected. Individuals eligible for CRC screening perceived themselves as responsible for their health, admitting difficulties in realizing this responsibility. Incentives were reported unsuitable for solving reported screening difficulties and a potential harm to the doctor–patient relationship.

Conclusions

Focus group participants expressed an unconventional voice towards the use of material incentives. They pointed to the need for focused support of health behaviour change and valued their autonomy. While a proportion of the invitees in the target population see the importance of screening and appreciate the HMO''s initiative to invite them for testing, they also expressed their need for support from the HMO in realizing the recommended health behaviour.     

Impact of serum uric acid on subclinical myocardial injury in general population

Background and aimsHyperuricemia is widely thought as a risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI) and all-cause mortality; however, the relation of serum uric acid (sUA) and subclinical myocardial injury (SCeMI) remains unclear. We hypothesize that sUA is associated with subclinical myocardial injury.Methods and resultsA total of 5880 adult individuals (57.9 ± 13.0 years, 54.23% women) without known cardiovascular disease from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III were included. Determined by Cardiac Infarction Injury Score (CIIS) from 12-lead electrocardiogram, SCeMI was defined by CIIS ≥10 units. The relationship between sUA and SCeMI was analyzed by using logistic regression models and the smooth curve fitting. Subgroup analyses were conducted. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, the smooth curve fitting revealed a non-linear relationship between sUA level and SCeMI. When sUA was above the inflection point 266.5 μmol/L, each 100 unit increase in sUA increase the risk of SCeMI by 15%. In women group, when sUA>340.3 μmol/L, each 100 unit increase in sUA increase the risk of SCeMI by 71%, but no significant correlation was observed in men group.ConclusionsOur findings confirm that sUA is an independent risk factor for subclinical myocardial injury after adjusting for potential confounding variables, and existence of such an association in women only, which require more random control trials to confirm the strategy of cardiovascular disease prevention based on sUA reduction in female.     

High leptin status indicates an increased risk of mortality and heart failure in stable coronary artery disease

Background and aimsLeptin is an adipocyte-derived peptide involved in energy homeostasis and body weight regulation. The position of leptin in cardiovascular pathophysiology remains controversial. Some studies suggest a detrimental effect of hyperleptinemia on the cardiovascular (CV) system, while others assume the role of leptin as a neutral or even protective factor. We have explored whether high leptin affects the mortality and morbidity risk in patients with stable coronary heart disease.Methods and resultsWe followed 975 patients ≥6 months after myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization in a prospective study. All-cause or cardiovascular death, non-fatal cardiovascular events (recurrent myocardial infarction, stroke, or any revascularization), and hospitalizations for heart failure (HF) we used as outcomes.High serum leptin concentrations (≥18.9 ng/mL, i.e., 4th quartile) were associated with worse survival, as well as with a higher incidence of fatal vascular events or hospitalizations for HF. Even after full adjustment for potential covariates, high leptin remained to be associated with a significantly increased 5-years risk of all-cause death [Hazard risk ratio (HRR) 2.10 (95%CIs:1.29–3.42), p < 0.003], CV death [HRR 2.65 (95%CIs:1.48–4.74), p < 0.001], and HF hospitalization [HRR 1.95 (95% CIs:1.11–3.44), p < 0.020]. In contrast, the incidence risk of non-fatal CV events was only marginally and non-significantly influenced [HRR 1.27 (95%CIs:0.76–2.13), p = 0.359].ConclusionsHigh leptin concentration entails an increased risk of mortality, apparently driven by fatal CV events and future worsening of HF, on top of conventional CV risk factors and the baseline status of left ventricular function.