Longitudinal analysis of the in vitro activity of ceftazidime-avibactam vs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2012–2016

The in vitro activities of ceftazidime-avibactam and comparator agents were analyzed against 14,330 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 188 centers distributed globally (except North America) from 2012 (2014 for colistin) to 2016 as part of the International Network for Optimal Resistance Monitoring (INFORM) global surveillance program. Susceptibility testing used in-house prepared broth microdilution panels following CLSI guidelines. Multiplex PCR assays identified the presence of β-lactamases. Ceftazidime-avibactam (MIC₉₀ 8 mg/L; 91.5% susceptibility) and colistin (N = 11,032; MIC₉₀ 2 mg/L, 96.2%) were the 2 most active agents. Susceptibility of multidrug-resistant isolates (N = 3770, 26.3%) was ≤54.4% to all agents except colistin (N = 2956; 95.2% susceptible) and ceftazidime-avibactam (68.2%). Metallo-β-lactamase–positive isolates (N = 621, 4.3%) were not susceptible to any agents except colistin (N = 504; 98.2% susceptible). Novel therapeutic options are needed for infections caused by P. aeruginosa–resistant phenotypes.     

基于国际经验的中国健康产业发展战略与策略

健康产业从广义说，是指以健康建设为中心，以健康理念为前提，以人的健康为最终目的，与人类健康直接和间接相关的所有产业和部门的集合。从狭义说，健康产业是指与健康直接且高度相关的，提供以维护、改善和增进人的健康为直接或最终用途的各种产品、服务的行业和部门的集合。近年来，随着全球经济的飞速发展，人们生活品质和健康保健的重视程度也日渐提高，健康产业也已经成为世界上许多国家特别是欧美发达国家和广大新兴市场国家有效应对金融危机冲击、增强经济发展活力、满足多样化需求、加快抢占全球健康产业分工的新制高点的战略选择。国际上而言，美国的健康产业起源于1963年，是美国近十年来增速最快的产业，占国内生产总值占比逐年上升。从我国情况而言，本文概述了我国健康产业的政治背景、社会背景和经济背景的情况以及健康产业发展相对滞后、配套服务难以满足生产发展需求、健康产业中医药制造整体层次水准不高、医疗卫生服务发展不均衡和养老产业规模发展不完善的现状。本文基于以上情况对今后中国健康产业的发展战略和目标提出了应该由国家政策支持，助推健康产业的发展的政策建议。具体从提升全国健康意识、实现医疗资源均衡化和发展针对不同人群的多元化健康产业体系这3方面具体开展和落实。      

Harnessing Behavioral Economics Principles to Promote Better Surgeon Accountability for Operating Room Cost: A Prospective Study

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Influence of point-of-sale tobacco displays and plain black and white cigarette packaging and advertisements on adults: Evidence from a virtual store experimental study

IntroductionWe examined the potential impact of banning tobacco displays and mandating plain packaging and cigarette advertisements at the point of sale (POS) on adult outcomes.MethodsA virtual convenience store was created with scenarios in which the tobacco product display was either fully visible (status quo) or enclosed behind a cabinet (display ban), and cigarette packs and advertisements were either in full color (status quo) or black and white, text only (plain). A national convenience sample of 1313 adult current smokers and recent quitters was randomized to 1 of 4 conditions and given a shopping task to complete in the virtual store. Main outcomes were participants' self-reported urge to smoke and tobacco purchase attempts in the virtual store.ResultsCompared with recent quitters in the status quo conditions, recent quitters in the display ban condition had lower urges to smoke (β = − 4.82, 95% CI = − 8.16–− 1.49, p < 0.01). Compared with current smokers in the status quo conditions, smokers in the display ban conditions were less likely to attempt to purchase cigarettes in the virtual store (OR = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.03–0.08, P < 0.01). Smokers exposed to plain packs and ads were significantly less likely to attempt to purchase cigarettes (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.20–0.47, P < 0.01) than those exposed to color packs and ads.ConclusionsPolicies that ban the display of tobacco products or require plain packaging and advertising at the POS may help reduce adult smoking.     

Correlates of cigarette and alternative tobacco product use among young tobacco users experiencing homelessness

IntroductionMost young people experiencing homelessness smoke cigarettes, but little is known about use of alternative tobacco products (ATPs) such as e-cigarettes or other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and little cigars/cigarillos (LCCs). This study examines past month use and correlates of cigarettes and ATP among young tobacco users experiencing homelessness.MethodsWe surveyed a probability sample of N = 469 unaccompanied homeless 13–25 year olds (mean age = 22; 71% male), who reported past month use of any type of tobacco product, from 25 service and street sites in Los Angeles County.ResultsNearly all (90%) participants reported smoking regular cigarettes, and 78% reported using at least one tobacco product other than regular cigarettes. The most commonly used of these other products was natural cigarettes (55%), followed by LCCs (43%), ENDS (34%), cigars (31%), hookah (14%), chewing tobacco (7%), and snus (5%). Multivariable models indicated that correlates of past month use differed by product, but included sociodemographic characteristics, homelessness severity, depression, exposure to other people who used the product, and product perceptions (e.g., relative access, cost, and harm compared to cigarettes).ConclusionUse of cigarettes and ATPs are both widespread among young homeless tobacco users, suggesting that efforts to reduce tobacco use in this population should have a broad focus that includes a variety of products. The effectiveness of these efforts may be enhanced by addressing their considerable exposure to other tobacco users, as well as their perceptions of certain products as being less harmful or more cost-effective options than regular cigarettes.     

lncRNA RP11-86H7.1在川崎病诊断中的临床意义

目的：探讨lncRNA RP11-86H7.1在川崎病（KD）患者血清中的表达及其与临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法：筛选KD特异相关的循环lncRNA，分KD治疗前患儿组、KD治疗后患儿组、普通发热患儿组及健康儿童组，采用qPCR检测各组血清lncRNA RP11-86H7.1相对表达。分析血清lncRNA RP11-86H7.1相对表达与KD临床病理特征间关系；绘制ROC曲线，分析血清lncRNA RP11-86H7.1表达水平对KD的诊断效能。结果：KD急性患儿组血清lncRNA RP11-86H7.1相对表达量高于各对照组（P＜0.05）；年龄和性别比例与低表达组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；qPCR发现lncRNA RP11-86H7.1在KD急性期患儿血清中表达水平明显高于KD恢复期、健康儿童及发热儿童组，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：血清lncRNA RP11-86H7.1在KD患者中表达上调，其可作为KD早期诊断和评估预后的潜在的生物标志物。