脂褐素与年龄相关性黄斑变性

年龄相关性黄斑变性(ARMD)是引起中老年人视力丧失的首要原因,其确切病因尚未明了,故治疗效果不佳。脂褐素随着年龄增长在视网膜色素上皮的积累是眼睛老化的标志,通过光化学作用等影响正常视网膜色素上皮细胞的功能,与ARMD的发生发展有一定联系。本文就脂褐素及其与ARMD的关系进行综述。     

Unmet health needs and associated factors among 1727 rural community-dwelling older adults: A cross-sectional study

AimTo investigate the needed, unneeded and unmet health care services among rural community-dwelling older adults in China and examine the influencing factors, aiming to facilitate the global development of the home care system for a healthier world.MethodsThis cross-sectional study investigated rural areas in three provinces in Western China. A total of 1727 rural community-dwelling older adults were enrolled. The needed, unneeded and unmet health care services were assessed by the Supply and Demand of Health Care Services (SD-HCS) questionnaire for older adults.ResultsRespect (73%, 1265/1727) was the most needed. The other top 9 needed mainly belonged to the divisions of health monitoring and information regarding chronic diseases. Re-employment or part-time jobs (71%, 1230/1727) was the most unneeded. All five protection and safety items were the most unmet but needed. Religion was the main influencing factor of those health care services that were less unmet but needed.ConclusionsRespect was basic for older adults, and chronic disease management was in great demand among rural community-dwelling older adults. Due to low willingness and the crisis workforce, a more flexible retirement policy is needed in rural China. It is urgent to improve the emergency care system in rural areas. Last but not least, more research is needed to explore the association between religion and health.     

骨密度仪的工作原理与质量控制

目的介绍常见几种骨密度仪的工作原理及各自的特点、骨密度仪的质量控制及故障记录的方法。方法分析几种常见的骨密度仪的工作原理。结果通过分析，掌握骨密度仪的工作原理，临床能根据自身需要购买骨密度仪。质量控制分析能对维修工程师和医技人员有所帮助。并通过对质量控制的总结，了解质量控制对医疗设备的重要性。结论原理图是了解仪器设备的慕础，日常维修记录在质量控制中必不可少。     

Valproic acid exposure sequentially activates Wnt and mTOR pathways in rats

BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, limited verbal communication and repetitive behaviors. Recent studies have demonstrated that Wnt signaling and mTOR signaling play important roles in the pathogenesis of ASD. However, the relationship of these two signaling pathways in ASD remains unclear.ResultsWe assessed this question using the valproic acid (VPA) rat model of autism. Our results demonstrated that VPA exposure activated mTOR signaling and suppressed autophagy in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of autistic model rats, characterized by enhanced phospho-mTOR and phospho-S6 and decreased Beclin1, Atg5, Atg10, LC3-II and autophagosome formation. Rapamycin treatment suppressed the effect of VPA on mTOR signaling and ameliorated the autistic-like behaviors of rats in our autism model. The administration of VPA also activated Wnt signaling through up-regulating beta-catenin and phospho-GSK3beta. Suppression of the Wnt pathway by sulindac relieved autistic-like behaviors and attenuated VPA-induced mTOR signaling activation in autistic model rats.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that VPA exposure sequentially activates Wnt signaling and mTOR signaling in rats. Suppression of the Wnt signaling pathway relieves autistic-like behaviors partially by deactivating the mTOR signaling pathway in VPA-exposed rats.     

Wireless amplified NMR detector for improved visibility of image contrast in heterogeneous lesions

To demonstrate the capability of a wireless amplified NMR detector (WAND) to improve the visibility of lesion heterogeneity without the use of exogenous contrast agents, a cylindrically symmetric WAND was constructed to sensitively detect and simultaneously amplify MR signals emitted from adjacent tissues. Based on a two‐leg high‐pass birdcage coil design, this WAND could be activated by a pumping field aligned along the main field (B₀), without perturbing MR signal reception. Compared with an equivalent pair of external detectors, the WAND could achieve more than 10‐fold gain for immediately adjacent regions. Even for regions with 3.4 radius distance separation from the detector's cylindrical center, the WAND was at least 1.4 times more sensitive than an equivalent pair of surface arrays or at least twice as sensitive as a single‐sided external surface detector. When the WAND was inserted into a rat's rectum to observe adjacent tumors implanted beneath the mucosa, it could enhance the detection sensitivity of lesion regions, and thus enlarge the observable signal difference between heterogeneous tissues and clearly identify lesion boundaries as continuous lines in the intensity gradient profile. Hyperintense regions observable by the WAND existed due to higher levels of blood supply, which was indicated by a similar pattern of signal enhancement after contrast agent administration. By better observing the endogenous signal contrast, the endoluminal WAND could characterize lesions without the use of exogenous contrast agents, and thus reduce contrast‐induced toxicity.     

基于扎根理论的中成药上市后再评价专家访谈资料分析＊

目的 开展更全面的中成药临床应用资料收集，并对非定量化资料进行定性处理。方法 运用专家深度访谈的方法，以某中成药的临床应用为例，对临床上使用过该中成药的专家进行半结构式访谈，记录并整理访谈资料，引入扎根理论方法进行访谈资料分析。结果 本研究共访谈了10位专家，经扎根理论分析编码，将该中成药的临床应用编码为该药的背景、有效性、安全性、经济便宜性、依从性、临床定位6个主范畴，最终提炼出一个核心类属，并围绕这几个方面的具体信息进行详细分析。结论 通过收集、整理和分析专家经验性信息，丰富了中成药上市后再评价的临床证据集，明确了已上市中成药的临床应用范围，可为后续的临床和科研研究提供证据支持，同时，专家深度访谈和扎根理论分析是对专家经验的挖掘和利用，还可应用于中医经验传承、医者诊疗思维研究等领域。本研究进行了方法探讨和实例验证，以期为后续更高阶的研究奠定基础。     

微塑料生殖和胚胎发育毒性的研究进展

目的 研究发现微塑料（粒径小于5 μm的塑料颗粒）在低等生物和哺乳动物中均可诱导生殖毒性和胚胎发育毒性。本文对微塑料在生殖和胚胎中的毒性效应和作用机制进行综述，可为预防和控制微塑料所致生殖毒性提供理论基础和科学依据。方法 以微塑料、暴露途径、毒性机制、生殖毒性、胚胎毒性为关键词在中国知网、PubMed 等数据库检索相关文献，并对国内外相关文献进行归纳与总结。结果 综述微塑料暴露途径及其转运和代谢分布、全面系统地概述微塑料生殖和胚胎发育毒性效应及毒性机制。结论 研究发现微塑料在低等生物和哺乳动物中均可诱导生殖毒性和胚胎发育毒性，但微塑料所致生殖毒性主要局限在表型研究，目前仍缺乏针对微塑料生殖毒性作用机制的系统研究，同时需在人群层面进一步研究。     

Genetic polymorphisms of twelve X-STRs of the investigator Argus X-12 kit and additional six X-STR centromere region loci in an Egyptian population sample

Recently, many researchers have focused on analysis of different X-chromosomal STRs as they bear the potential to efficiently complement the analysis of autosomal and Y-chromosomal STRs in solving special complex kinship deficiency cases. In the current study we examined a sample of 250 unrelated Egyptian males with the Investigator Argus X-12 kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) which detects 12 X-STR markers distributed over the entire X-chromosome as four closely linked clusters. Microvariant off ladder alleles as well as null alleles have been detected in some loci. Furthermore, discordant results were observed between the Investigator Argus X-12 and the Mentype^® Argus X-8 kits (Biotype AG, Dresden, Germany). New primers were designed for loci DXS10101, DXS10146 and DXS10148 to correct the allele drop outs observed in these loci with the Investigator Argus X-12 kit. Additionally, DNA sequence analysis revealed the polymorphisms responsible for the allele drop outs. Furthermore, six additional X-STRs (DXS10161, DXS10159, DXS10162, DXS10163, DXS10164 and DXS10165) located in the centromere region at Xp11.21–Xq11.1 were examined in a single multiplex reaction. Allele and haplotype frequencies as well as different forensic statistical parameters of the 18 X-STR loci tested indicated that they are highly informative in different forensic applications in the Egyptian population. However, some modifications still need to be performed on the Investigator Argus X-12 kit before its use in forensic casework is validated.