北京市朝阳区暗娼艾滋病性病综合干预效果分析

目的 探求艾滋病在大城区、低流行状况下降低暗娼人群感染艾滋病和（或）性病风险的综合防治措施。方法 采用问卷调查的方式对辖区内8家娱乐场所暗娼（female sex workers,FSW）干预前226名及干预后187名进行调查,采用χ^2检验进行统计学分析。结果 接受调查的FSW年龄范围在17-40岁[（25．22±5．81）岁];高中及初中文化程度达203名（89．82％）;未婚为166名（73．45％）,职业中无业者达205名（90．70％）;来自外省市224名（99．12％）。调查前后对性病、艾滋病防治知识的知晓率由52．6％提升至75．4％（χ^2=22．701,P〈0．01）,使刷安全套的比率由治疗前22．12％提升至34．76％（χ^2=8．14,P〈0．05）。结论 北京市朝阳区通过综合干预措施对于暗娼防治艾滋病和（或）性病取得了较为显著的效果,综合干预措施值得在大城区、低流行状况下的暗娼人群艾滋病性病干预中广泛应用。     

1989-2015年云南省德宏州50岁及以上HIV感染者流行病学特征分析

目的 分析云南省德宏州1989-2015年50岁人群艾滋病疫情特征及流行趋势。方法 收集国家艾滋病防治综合信息系统中报告现住址为云南省德宏州,年龄50岁的临床诊断和实验室诊断艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者（HIV/AIDS）,截止日期为2015年12月31日,对其构成比、三间分布和趋势构成变化等进行分析。结果 现住址累计报告50岁HIV/AIDS病例1 193例,占累计报告数的7.98%;1 193例病例中,截止2015年底已死亡496例,病死率为41.58%。自2000年以来50岁HIV/AIDS的构成比逐年上升,从2000年的2.97%上升至2015年的19.94%。50岁HIV/AIDS在全州5县均有分布,芒市占当地报告HIV/AIDS构成比最高（占11.67%）。50岁HIV/AIDS人群分布以男性为主（64.79%,773/1 193）,平均年龄（58.316.96）岁,93.38%患者的文化程度为初中及以下,94.02%的职业为农民、待业和离退休人员。89.52%通过性接触传播,10.48%通过注射吸毒传播。女性、无配偶者、性接触传播者、农民和临床就诊检测发现者所占比例在不同时间段（1989-2003年、2004-2011年和2012-2015年）呈现上升趋势。结论 德宏州50岁人群艾滋病流行形式较为严峻,艾滋病防控工作应关注该年龄人群,结合艾滋病防治常规工作开展多元化的性健康教育应成为该人群艾滋病防治工作的重心。     

Cost-Effectiveness of the NIMH Multisite HIV Prevention Intervention

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a state-of-the-art sexual-risk reduction intervention for high-risk men and women. The main intervention consisted of seven small-group sessions based on well-established principles of cognitive–behavioral therapy. This intervention was compared with a single-session video-based risk reduction intervention. The main outcome measure was the incremental cost–utility ratio, which equals the additional cost per additional quality-adjusted life year (QALY) saved by the cognitive–behavioral intervention, in comparison with the video intervention. A mathematical model of HIV transmission was used to translate reported sexual behavior changes into estimates of the number of HIV infections averted by the interventions, and associated savings in QALYs and averted HIV-related medical costs. For women, the incremental cost–utility ratio equaled $32,688 per QALY saved, which indicates that the cognitive–behavioral intervention was cost-effective compared to the video intervention. For men, the incremental cost–utility ratio was slightly negative, suggesting that the cognitive–behavioral intervention was highly cost-effective, or even cost-saving, compared to the video intervention. This analysis indicates that both brief and intensive sexual risk reduction interventions for high-risk populations can be cost-effective.     

Non‐neutralizing epitopes induce robust hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐specific antibody‐dependent CD56+ natural killer cell responses in chronic HCV‐infected patients

Natural killer (NK) cell‐mediated antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (NK‐ADCC) is of considerable interest in viral infection. However, little is known about NK‐ADCC responses in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this study, impaired non‐specific antibody‐dependent CD56⁺ NK cell responses were observed in chronic HCV infection, as shown by decreased degranulation (extracellular CD107a expression) and interferon (IFN)‐γ production in response to antibody‐bound P815 cells. A peptide pool composed of epitopes recognized by anti‐HCV‐E1/E2 antibodies could induce pronounced HCV‐specific antibody‐dependent NK cell responses in sera from approximately half the chronic HCV carriers. Additionally, HCV‐specific epitopes with the capacity to induce robust NK‐ADCC activity were identified. Five linear NK‐ADCC epitopes (aa211‐aa217, aa384‐aa391, aa464‐aa475, aa544‐aa551 and aa648‐aa659 of the HCV envelope) were identified and do not overlap with putative linear neutralizing epitopes. This study revealed the dysfunctional characteristics of antibody‐dependent CD56⁺ NK cell responses in chronic HCV carriers. The key non‐neutralizing NK‐ADCC epitopes identified in this study may act as new targets for immunological intervention.     

柳州市1996-2010年“查无此人”HIV/AIDS病例特征分析

目的 对柳州市1996-2010年病例报告数据库中“查无此人”病例的基本情况进行分析.方法 分析资料来源于“全国艾滋病综合防治信息系统”柳州市1996-2010年度疫情信息库中的病例随访管理“查无此人”数据资料,采用SPSS 13.0进行统计分析.结果 柳州市1996-2010年报告的病例中有2 405例随访状态为“查无此人”,其中艾滋病病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者2 217例,艾滋病(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)病例188例.报告的“查无此人”病例以21～40岁青壮年为主(80.6％),男性1 731例(72.0％);病例主要分布在2003 -2007年(66.4％);1996-2009年主要来源是广西其他地市(53.45％)和柳州市(41.83％);感染途径主要为注射毒品(38.03％)和异性性传播(19.10％),传播途径不详占40.33％;“查无此人”病例的工作单位、身份证号、联系方式、民族、文化程度等信息缺失较多;自2010年柳州市全面开展实名制检测后,“查无此人”病例数明显下降,且各类常见缺失变量的缺失率均低于实名制检测实施前(均有P＜0.001).结论 “查无此人”病例与个人信息缺失、艾滋病网络监测系统、人群特征等多种因素有关,应针对这些因素采取措施,减少“查无此人”病例的再次出现.     

浙江省台州市未接受抗病毒治疗HIV感染者CD+4T淋巴细胞计数自然变化研究

目的探讨浙江省台州市未接受抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者CD4+T淋巴细胞计数自然变化速率及相关影响因素。方法对1996-2011年台州市报告发现的无抗病毒治疗史或接受抗病毒治疗前至少有过两次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数检测的HIV感染者进行回顾性队列研究,描述CD4+T淋巴细胞计数自然变化速率,并运用Lo-gistic回归分析其影响因素。结果共纳入研究对象412例,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数月均自然变化速率中位数M=-2.9(IQR:-9.7～1.6);286例(69.4%)HIV感染者末次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数结果低于首次;130例(31.6%)HIV感染者末次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数较首次水平下降≥30%,即显著下降。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,HIV感染者CD4+T淋巴细胞计数显著下降与年龄、职业、首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平及首末次检测时间间隔存在关联。结论浙江省台州市HIV感染者CD4+T淋巴细胞计数自然变化总体平缓,但部分感染者CD4+T淋巴细胞计数快速下降且与多种因素有关。应定期随访检测HIV感染者CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平,密切观察变化速率,以评估其病情进展并适时启动抗病毒治疗。     

Nonsupportive Peer Norms and Incarceration as HIV Risk Correlates for Young Black Men who have Sex with Men

Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) are at considerable risk for HIV infection. A convenience sample of BMSM (n = 252) attending nightclubs in three North Carolina cities was surveyed to investigate factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). About 45% reported UAI in the past 2 months. BMSM who strongly agreed that their male friends used condoms for anal sex were significantly less likely to report any UAI. Recently incarcerated men were significantly more likely to report unprotected insertive anal sex. In secondary analyses, men who reported experiencing discrimination based on their race and nongay identified men reported more favorable peer norms for condom use. Men who reported that their family disapproved of their being gay were more likely to have been incarcerated in the past 2 months. HIV prevention for BMSM must promote supportive peer norms for condom use and address incarceration, racial discrimination, and family disapproval.     

Regional differences in HIV prevalence among drug users in China: potential for future spread of HIV?

Background  

Drug use and in particular injecting drug use has been at the forefront of the explosive spread of HIV in general populations in many countries in Asia. There is concern that also in China increased HIV incidence in drug users might spark off a generalized epidemic in the wider population. Close monitoring of HIV incidence and risk factors in drug users is therefore important to be able to target interventions effectively. Second generation surveillance was launched to assess HIV prevalence and risk behaviours jointly with the purpose of describing trends and predicting future developments. To assess whether these goals were fulfilled among drug users in China we provide an analysis of risk factors for HIV infection and of regional differences in HIV prevalence.