心身同治慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者情绪障碍的探讨

从论述慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者的情绪障碍的发病特点入手,总结其具有:临床表现多样,影响因素诸多,严重影响预后转归等特点;提出心身同治的观点及治疗经验;附病案1则,从中医因病致郁的角度阐述慢性乙型肝炎并发抑郁症的发病机制。     

Alcohol and health: a drink a day won't keep the doctor away

We should not advise patients to start drinking alcohol for its alleged cardiovascular benefits. The negative effects of alcohol are well established, and the evidence of alcohol's benefits comes mainly from epidemiologic studies that were not well controlled for other influences, such as lifestyle factors. Moreover, we have other means of lowering cardiovascular risk that are safe and proven. Those who are healthy and whose drinking history shows little risk of developing alcohol dependency may continue to drink moderate amounts. Heavy drinkers should be advised to quit.     

Hepatic, metabolic, and nutritional disorders of alcoholism: from pathogenesis to therapy

Much progress has been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease, resulting in an improvement in treatment. Nutritional deficiencies should be corrected when present but, because of the alcohol-induced disease process, some of the nutritional requirements change. For instance, methionine, one of the essential amino acids for humans, must be activated to S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), but, in severe liver disease, the activity of the corresponding enzyme is depressed. Therefore, the resulting deficiencies and associated pathology can be attenuated by the administration of SAMe, but not by methionine. Similarly, phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (PEMT) activity, which is important for hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis, is also depressed in alcoholic liver disease, therefore calling for the administration of the products of the reaction. Inasmuch as free radical generation by the ethanol-induced CYP2E1 plays a key role in the oxidative stress, inhibitors of this enzyme have great promise and PPC, which is presently being evaluated clinically, is particularly interesting because of its innocuity. In view of the striking negative interaction between alcoholic liver injury and hepatitis C, an antiviral agent is eagerly awaited that, unlike Interferon, is not contraindicated in the alcoholic. Antiinflamatory agents may also be useful. In addition to steroids, down-regulators of cytokines and endotoxin are being considered. Finally, anticraving agents such as naltrexone or acamprosate should be incorporated into any contemplated therapeutic cocktail.     

Increased Vitamin A in Esophagus and Other Extrahepatic Tissues after Chronic Ethanol Consumption in the Rat

In rats fed ethanol (36% of total energy) for 1 month, vitamin A content of the esophageal mucosa was found to be increased 5-fold, compared to animals pair-fed an isocaloric control diet containing the same amount of vitamin A. Similar results were observed with diets of either lower vitamin A content or zinc supplementation. Significant increases of retinoids were also found in lungs, trachea, kidneys, and testes, but not in the eyes. These increases in extrahepatic tissues contrasted strikingly with the concomitant decrease in the liver and suggests that chronic ethanol consumption may be associated with some mobilization of vitamin A from the liver to other organs.     

Diagnostic Value of Serum Procollagen Peptide Measurements in Alcoholic Liver Disease

Procollagen type I carboxyterminal and type III aminoterminal peptide concentrations were measured in sera of 60 patients with alcoholic and 14 with nonalcoholic liver disease to study whether these assays are useful as clinical tests to differentiate various stages of alcoholic liver injury. Both propeptides were markedly elevated in alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis: procollagen type III peptide in 90% and type I peptide in 60-80% of these patients. Moderately increased values were found less frequently in patients with fatty liver. These tests did not differentiate patients with simple fatty liver from those with fatty liver and early fibrosis. There was a significant difference in serum procollagen type III peptide between fatty liver and both alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis (p less than 0.001), and in type I peptide between fatty liver and alcoholic hepatitis (p less than 0.005). Although serum peptide values correlated with the degree of liver fibrosis, appreciable overlap of values was found between the various groups. The peptide concentrations also seemed to be related to the degree of hepatic inflammation, and the highest values were observed in a subgroup of patients with alcoholic hepatitis in whom numerous Mallory bodies were found. The data suggest that in alcoholic liver diseases, serum collagen propeptide determination may be useful in diagnosing severe alcoholic hepatitis.     

Immune monitoring of anti cytomegalovirus antibodies and risk of cytomegalovirus disease in heart transplantation

We sought to determine whether quantitative assessment of anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies could be useful to identify patients at risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease after heart transplantation (HT). 75 patients who underwent HT at a single health care center were prospectively studied. Induction therapy included 2 doses of daclizumab and maintenance tacrolimus (n=42) or cyclosporine (n=29), mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone. All patients received prophylaxis with gancyclovir or valganciclovir. Anti-CMV intravenous immunoglobulin (CMV-IG) was added in high risk patients (CMV D+/R- serostatus). Serial determinations of anti-CMV antibodies, immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) and IgG-subclasses were analysed. CMV infection was based on detection of the virus by antigenemia. CMV disease consisted of detection of signs or symptoms attributable to this microorganism. Ten patients (13.3%) developed CMV disease. Mean time of development of CMV disease was 3.4+/-1.6 months. In Cox regression analysis, patients with low baseline anti-CMV titers (<4.26 natural logarithm of titer, RH: 8.1, 95%CI: 1.93-34.1, p=0.004) and recipients with 1-month post-HT IgG hypogammaglobulinemia (IgG<500 mg/dl, RH: 4.49, 95%CI: 1.26-15.94, p=0.02) were at higher risk of having CMV disease. Despite use of prophylactic CMV-IG, D+/R- patients showed significantly lower titers of anti-CMV antibodies at 7 d, 30 d and 90 d post HT as compared with HT recipients without infections. Four out of 6 of these patients developed late CMV disease. Monitoring of specific anti-CMV antibodies on the bedside warrants further evaluation as a potential tool to identify heart transplant recipients at higher risk of CMV disease.     

胃蛋白酶原亚群测定与萎缩性胃炎诊断的相关研究

目的研究血清中胃蛋白酶原(PG)亚群水平在健康体检者及胃部疾病患者中的变化规律,探讨血清中PG亚群测定对萎缩性胃炎诊断的意义。方法利用放射免疫法测定健康体检者和胃溃疡、萎缩性胃炎、胃癌患者中PGⅠ、PGⅡ及PGⅠ/PGⅡ值的变化,将正常对照组与疾病组及各疾病组之间进行统计学分析。结果①与正常对照组相比,萎缩性胃炎、胃癌患者血清PGⅠ、PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值降低(q=5.97、q=6.18,P均<0.05;q=6.24、q=6.34,P均<0.01),胃溃疡患者血清PGⅠ升高(q=5.01,P<0.05)、PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值降低(q=4.72,P<0.05);②与胃溃疡组相比,萎缩性胃炎和胃癌患者血清PGⅠ明显降低(q=7.20、q=7.03,P均<0.001),PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值也降低(q=7.20,P=0.001);③萎缩性胃炎组与胃癌组相比,PGⅠ和PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值均无统计学差异(q=1.05、q=1.36,P均>0.05)。血清PGⅠ≤80μg/L且PGⅠ/PGⅡ≤6时,检测萎缩性胃炎的灵敏度为53.3%,特异度为94.3%。结论血清PGⅠ和PGⅠ/PGⅡ的降低,是胃癌及萎缩性胃炎发生的危险因素,可以作为筛查和辅助诊断的一项血清学指标,血清PGⅠ≤80μg/L且PGⅠ/PGⅡ≤6对检测萎缩性胃炎有较好的灵敏度和特异性。     

Performance of several simple,noninvasive models for assessing significant liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B

Aim

To compare the performance of several simple, noninvasive models comprising various serum markers in diagnosing significant liver fibrosis in the same sample of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) with the same judgment standard.

Methods

A total of 308 patients with CHB who had undergone liver biopsy, laboratory tests, and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) at the Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China between March 2010 and April 2014 were retrospectively studied. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under ROC curves (AUROCs) were used to analyze the results of the models, which incorporated age-platelet (PLT) index (API model), aspartate transaminase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (AAR model), AST to PLT ratio index (APRI model), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) to PLT ratio index (GPRI model), GGT-PLT-albumin index (S index model), age-AST-PLT-ALT index (FIB-4 model), and age-AST-PLT-ALT-international normalized ratio index (Fibro-Q model).

Results

The AUROCs of the S index, GPRI, FIB-4, APRI, API, Fibro-Q, AAR, and LSM for predicting significant liver fibrosis were 0.726 (P < 0.001), 0.726 (P < 0.001), 0.621 (P = 0.001), 0.619 (P = 0.001), 0.580 (P = 0.033), 0.569 (P = 0.066), 0.495 (P = 0.886), and 0.757 (P < 0.001), respectively. The S index and GPRI had the highest correlation with histopathological scores (r = 0.373, P < 0.001; r = 0.372, P < 0.001, respectively) and LSM values (r = 0.516, P < 0.001; r = 0.513, P < 0.001, respectively). When LSM was combined with S index and GPRI, the AUROCs were 0.753 (P < 0.001) and 0.746 (P < 0.001), respectively.

Conclusion

S index and GPRI had the best diagnostic performance for significant liver fibrosis and were robust predictors of significant liver fibrosis in patients with CHB for whom transient elastography was unavailable.Liver fibrosis is a common pathological process in various chronic liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In patients with CHB, early detection of liver fibrosis is crucial for therapy planning and prognosis estimation. In particular, the presence of significant liver fibrosis is a strong indication for initiating antiviral therapy (1,2). However, liver biopsies, the gold standard for staging fibrosis, are not performed in all hospitals (especially in primary care) because of their invasiveness, sampling errors, and complications. In addition, biopsies are not appropriate for monitoring disease progression. Transient elastography (FibroScan; Echosens, Paris, France), which measures liver stiffness, is increasingly being recognized as an excellent tool for assessing the degree of fibrosis (3,4). FibroScan’s noninvasive nature, reproducibility, and diagnostic performance have also made it increasingly popular. However, not all hospitals have the means to purchase such expensive equipment.Accordingly, in recent years combinations of serum biomarkers of liver fibrosis have been a hot research topic. Several serological models for liver fibrosis (5-7) that incorporate direct or indirect biomarkers have been developed as alternatives to biopsy. These models reportedly vary considerably in their ability to diagnose fibrosis, and their results are conflicting (8,9). The present study assessed the effectiveness of the following seven fibrosis models, all of which comprise routine serum biomarkers and were found to have predictive value for significant liver fibrosis: age-platelet (PLT) index (API) (10), aspartate transaminase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (AAR) (10,11), AST to PLT ratio index (APRI) (10,11), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) to PLT ratio index (GPRI) (11), GGT-PLT-albumin (ALB) index (S index) (12), age-AST-PLT-ALT index (FIB-4) (13), and age-AST-PLT-ALT-international normalized ratio (INR) index (Fibro-Q) (14).     

High incidence of HCV in HIV-negative men who have sex with men using pre-exposure prophylaxis

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