Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Histopathogenität vonMacracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Archiacanthocephala) in experimentell infizierten Hausschweinen

Zusammenfassung Die vonMacracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus verursachten Läsionen im Dünndarm von experimentell infizierten Hausschweinen (7 Tage p.i. und 84 Tage p.i.) wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Würmer der 84 Tage alten Infektion waren tiefer in die Darmwand eingedrungen als die 7 Tage alten Würmer. Ihr Präsoma wurde von Entzündungsbzw. Bindegewebe umhüllt, das zahlreiche Plasmazellen enthielt. Bei 7 Tage alten Infektionen wurde noch keine Fibrose nachgewiesen. Eosinophilen-ähnliche Granulozyten, die an den Proboscishaken akkumulierten, herrschten in der Läsion vor. Eine osmiophile Gleitflüssigkeit, die offenbar an der Basis der Proboscishaken ausgeschieden wurde, schien eine stark antigene Wirkung auf die Leukozyten des Schweins auszuüben. In keinem Fall wurden Würmer angetroffen, die die gesamte Darmwand perforiert hatten, wie es in China bei Menschen beschrieben wurde.

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Light and electron microscopical investigation of the histopathogenicity ofMacracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus in experimentally infected swine

One and 12 weeks after infection the lesions in the small intestine of two domestic pigs caused byMacracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Worms of 7 d.p.i. were found to have penetrated with their presoma into the tunica propria and partly into the tunica muscularis where they had caused local mechanic destructions and heavy eosinophilic-like and hemorrhagic reactions. Most eosinophilic-like granulocytes were attracted to the proboscis hooks, at the base of which an osmiophilic substance apparently was excreted. Worms of 84 d.p.i. had penetrated with their proboscis deeply into the tunica muscularis. The presoma had become encapsulated by a solid capsule of necrotic/inflammatory tissue in its inner part and by filamentous connective tissue in its outer part. The predominant leucocytes in the inflammatory tissue now were plasma cells indicating a progressive immune reaction. No worms were found to have perforated the entire intestinal wall as was described from human patients in China.

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Unterstützt durch ein Stipendium der VR China für Herrn Bin Zhao     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对脂多糖诱导的小鼠肝MAPK磷酸化的影响

目的： 探讨N-乙酰半胱氨酸（NAC）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的肝MAPK磷酸化的影响。方法: 雄性昆明种小鼠54只随机分为对照组(n=6)：0.9 % NaCl 0.2 mL ip；LPS组（n=24）：LPS 5 mg ip；NAC+LPS组（n=24）：NAC 150 mg·kg-1·d-1ip，连续3 d；第3 d NAC灌胃后1 h时，LPS 5 mg ip。将小鼠分别在注射LPS或生理盐水后0.5 h、1 h、2 h和6 h时，在戊巴比妥钠麻醉下开腹取肝，测定肝MDA和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量；Western blotting方法测定肝脏MEK1/2、ERK1/2、p38MAPK磷酸化水平，放免法测定肝TNF-α含量。结果: NAC预处理使肝MDA含量明显下降，使肝GSH含量升高。NAC预处理显著抑制了LPS所致的肝MEK1/2、ERK1/2、p38MAPK磷酸化，同时使肝TNF-α水平显著降低。结论: 在LPS诱导的急性肝损伤过程中，活性氧（ROS）在激活MAPK信号转导中起重要作用。NAC通过其抗氧化作用部分抑制了LPS诱导的MAPK磷酸化，使TNF-α生成减少，从而发挥抗损伤作用。     

LBP对LPS激活巨噬细胞内p38信号通路的影响 

目的:探讨脂多糖结合蛋白(LBP)对脂多糖(LPS)激活肺泡巨噬细胞内p38信号通路的调节作用。方法:经硫酸铵盐析、Bio-Rex70阳离子交换层析和MonoQ阴离子交换层析, 从大鼠急性期血清中分离纯化LBP。分别用0.01mg/L和1mg/L的LPS刺激肺泡巨噬细胞, 并加入不同浓度LBP(0mg/L、0.01mg/L、0.1mg/L、1mg/L和10mg/L), 观察肺泡巨噬细胞中p38蛋白激酶的磷酸化程度。结果:纯化的大鼠LBP在SDS-PAGE的60kD处呈现单一条带, 并可增强LPS与单核细胞的结合。当LPS浓度为0.01mg/L时, 1mg/L以下的LBP可明显增敏LPS对肺泡巨噬细胞内p38信号通路的激活, 并且这种增敏作用随LBP浓度的增加而增强。但LBP为10mg/L时, LBP对LPS的增敏作用反而有所减弱;当LPS为1mg/L时, LBP对LPS激活肺泡巨噬细胞内p38信号通路无调节作用。结论:LBP对低浓度LPS(0.01mg/L)激活肺泡巨噬细胞内p38信号通路有明显的调节作用;而高浓度LPS(1mg/L)不需LBP的增敏作用, 可能通过LBP非依赖途径直接激活p38信号通路。     

丙型肝炎病毒基因分型及其与干扰素治疗应答的关系

目的为了解山西省丙型肝炎病毒的基因型和基因型对干扰素疗效的预示价值。方法用ＨＣＶ５’ＮＣ区酶切分型方法对９４例丙型肝炎病人进行基因分型，并观察其中４５例患者对干扰素α１ｂ治疗的应答。结果显示ＨＣＶⅠ组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ型）感染８０例（８５１％），ＨＣＶⅡ组（Ⅲ、Ⅳ型）感染１２例（１２８％），ＨＣＶⅠ／Ⅱ组混合感染２例（２１％）。在接受干扰素治疗的病例中，ＨＣＶⅠ组感染（３５例）的应答率为３７１％，持续应答率为１７１％，而Ⅱ组感染（１０例）的应答率为８０％，持续应答率为６０％，两组相比，有显著性差异（Ｐ＜００５，Ｐ＜００２５）。结论表明山西省以ＨＣＶⅠ组感染为主，干扰素对ＨＣＶⅡ组感染的疗效优于ＨＣＶⅠ组感染，ＨＣＶ基因型有预测干扰素疗效的意义。     

胆红素对大鼠急性肺损伤形成过程中氧自由基以及caspase-3表达的影响

目的： 探讨胆红素对抗急性肺损伤（ALI）形成的可能机制。方法: 健康雌性Wistar大鼠(190-210 g) 30只，随机分为生理盐水对照组、脂多糖（LPS）致ALI模型组、胆红素干预组。检测肺组织匀浆中羟自由基（OH^-）、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和超氧阴离子自由基（O₂^·）含量以及肺组织中caspase-3表达的变化。结果: ①ALI模型组肺组织匀浆OH^-、H₂O₂、O₂^·含量及肺组织中caspase-3表达显著高于生理盐水对照组（均P<0.05）。②胆红素干预组肺组织匀浆OH^-、H₂O₂、O₂^·及肺组织中caspase-3表达明显高于ALI正常大鼠（均P<0.05），但少于ALI模型组（均P<0.05）。结论: ①胆红素能在一定程度上减少肺内凋亡细胞数量。②胆红素能减少ALI大鼠肺组织OH^-、H₂O₂、O₂^·水平。③ Caspase-3表达的变化有促脂多糖性肺损伤细胞凋亡作用。     

糖尿病患者心理健康状况的多因素Logistic回归分析

目的探讨糖尿病患者心理健康状况的影响因素。方法对山西省4个地区8个调查点的2132名城乡居民，其中包括139名糖尿病患者，进行问卷调查，了解其一般情况以及情绪状况、社会支持等社会心理因素。结果单因素分析发现，糖尿病患者的焦虑情绪高于非糖尿病者，对社会支持中的家庭资源的利用也不及非糖尿病者；多因素发现，影响糖尿病患者心理健康状况的因素有地区、性别、年龄、经济收入、焦虑以及抑郁等；结论糖尿病患者心理健康状况的影响因素既涉及地区、性别、年龄、经济收入等一般状况，也与患者的情绪障碍的社会支持有密切关系。临床应根据不同的影响因素进行有效牙心理干预。     

兔饮食所致高同型半胱氨酸血症血管内皮功能的实验研究

目的：观察高同型半胱氨酸血症对血管内皮功能的影响。 方法： 建立兔高同型半胱氨酸血症模型。将18只新西兰兔随机分为：正常对照组（control组）6只、高蛋氨酸饮食组（M组）12只；于实验第4周始，将M组再随机分为两组，M+0组6只，继续饲高蛋氨酸饮食；M+F组6只，在高蛋氨酸饮食基础上，再加以叶酸、VitB12，继续观察3周；6周时统一处死动物，取腹主动脉，制备主动脉血管环，比较M+0组与M+F组及C组主动脉血管对Ach的最大舒张反应。同时，对3组高同型半胱氨酸血症形成过程中0周、3周、6周时血清中Hcy、ET-1、Ang-II、NO2ˉ/NO3ˉ、NOS各指标及处死动物时局部血管组织中ET-1、Ang-II、NO2ˉ/NO3ˉ、NOS指标进行检测并进行比较。 结果： （1）M+0组主动脉血管对Ach的最大舒张反应性(Emax=26.73±4.51)低于M+F组（Emax=47.84±5.62, P<0.05）及control组（Emax=56.42±7.82， P＜0.05）；(2) 3周时，M+0组及M+F组血清中Hcy、ET-1、Ang-II各指标均明显高于对照组及0周时（P＜0.05）；NO2ˉ/NO3ˉ、NOS明显低于对照组及0周时（P＜0.05）；(3)6 周时，M+0组上述指标继续升高；M+F组血清中Hcy低于 M+0组（P＜0.05）;NO2-/NO3-、NOS高于M+0组（P＜0.05）;ET-1、Ang-II各指标与M+F组无明显差异（P>0.05）。 结论： 高同型半胱氨酸血症对血管内皮最大舒张功能具有明显的抑制作用；其机制可能是通过影响局部血管组织内皮细胞 ET-1、Ang-II、NO的分泌而发挥作用的；早期以叶酸、VitB12干预治疗对血管内皮功能具有一定的拮抗作用。     

Downregulation of tonic GABA currents following epileptogenic stimulation of rat hippocampal cultures

Deficits in GABAergic inhibitory transmission are a hallmark of temporal lobe epilepsy and have been replicated in animal and tissue culture models of epilepsy. GABAergic inhibition comprises phasic and tonic inhibition that is mediated by synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA_A receptors, respectively. We have recently demonstrated that chronic stimulation with cyclothiazide (CTZ) or kainic acid (KA) induces robust epileptiform activity in hippocampal neurons both in vitro and in vivo . Here, we report a downregulation of tonic GABA inhibition after chronic epileptogenic stimulation of rat hippocampal cultures. Chronic pretreatment of hippocampal neurons with CTZ or KA resulted in a marked reduction in GABAergic inhibition, as shown by a significant decrease in whole-cell GABA currents and in the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). Interestingly, synaptically localized GABA_A receptors remained relatively stable, as evidenced by the unaltered amplitude of mIPSCs, as well as the unchanged punctate immunoreactivity of γ2 subunit-containing postsynaptic GABA_A receptors. In contrast, tonic GABA currents, assessed either by a GABA_A receptor antagonist bicuculline or a selective extrasynaptic GABA_A receptor agonist THIP, were significantly reduced following epileptogenic stimulation. These results reveal a novel form of neural plasticity, that epileptogenic stimulation can selectively downregulate extrasynaptic GABA_A receptors while leaving synaptic GABA_A receptors unchanged. Thus, in addition to synaptic alteration of GABAergic transmission, regulation of tonic inhibition may also play an important role during epileptogenesis.     

Therapeutic potential of chlorotoxin-like neurotoxin from the Chinese scorpion for human gliomas

Chlorotoxin, one of the key toxins in scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus venom, has been shown to bind specifically to glioma cell surface as a specific chloride channel blocker. In this study, a purified, recombinant chlorotoxin-like peptide from the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch (named rBmK CTa) was characterized by in vivo and in vitro studies. The results from cell proliferation assay with human glioma (SHG-44) cells showed that rBmK CTa inhibits the growth of glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC₅₀ value of approximately 0.28 μM. Under the same conditions, the IC₅₀ value for normal astrocytes increased to 8 μM. This clearly indicated that rBmK CTa had specific toxicity against glioma cells but not astrocytes. Results from whole-cell patch-clamp recording showed that chloride current in SHG-44 was inhibited by rBmK CTa in a voltage-dependent manner and percent inhibitions for the blocking action of rBmK CTa (0.07 and 0.14 μM) on I_Cl was 17.64 ± 3.06% and 55.86 ± 2.83%, respectively. Histological analysis of rBmK CTa treated mice showed that brain, leg muscle and cardiac muscle were the target organs of this toxin. These results suggest that rBmK CTa may have potential therapeutic application in clinical treatment of human glioma. It represents an approach for developing a novel therapeutic agent.     

抗β1-肾上腺素受体自身抗体对在体大鼠心肌细胞的致凋亡作用

目的：观察抗β1-肾上腺素受体（β1-AR）自身抗体对在体大鼠心肌细胞的致凋亡作用,并探讨其可能的信号转导通路,以阐明该抗体参与心衰发生发展的病理机制。方法：用β1-AR细胞外第二环合成肽段免疫抗β1-AR自身抗体阴性大鼠（9周）,定期检测大鼠的血清抗β1-AR自身抗体滴度、心功能、心肌组织凋亡现象和caspase-3,8,9活性。结果：（1）免疫组大鼠的血清抗β1-AR自身抗体滴度逐渐升高并维持于高水平[1∶（1280±0.07）];对照组始终在1∶10左右;（2）TUNEL和琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示免疫组大鼠在免疫3、4、5周心肌组织发生明显凋亡,caspase-3,8活性增高,免疫7、9周心功能明显下降,对照组未见异常。结论：抗β1-AR自身抗体可能通过激活死亡受体途径促进在体大鼠的心肌细胞发生凋亡,最终引起心功能下降。