Syringocystadenoma papilliferum: report of 8 cases

Syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) is a rare cutaneous adnexal neoplasm with variable clinical appearance and characteristic histology. It arises in about one third of cases within a sebaceous hamartoma (SH) and in this case, multiple other benign adnexal neoplasms may be associated with it. We report the clinical and pathological data of 8 cases of syringocystadenoma papilliferum. The age at the time of the diagnosis varied from 3 to 48 years with an average age of 28 years. Three tumors were localized in the scalp, 2 in the trunk, and 3 others of unusual locations: 1 in the eyelid, 1 in the thigh and 1 in the popliteal fossa. Histopathological examination revealed 3 SCAP occurring within SH. The SCAP observed in the eyelid was associated with an apocrine cystadenoma without features of SH. The four others were not associated with any other lesion.     

Erythema elevatum diutinum: an "idiopathic" case

Erythema elevatum diutinum (EED) is a rare condition with an unclear pathogenesis. Initially classified within neutrophilic dermatoses, it is now considered as a leukocytoclastic vasculitis accordingly to its histopathologic pattern. Several clinical presentations as well as many associated diseases are reported in the literature. We report a new case of EED in a 58-year-old man who presented with a three-month history of plaques and nodules on the extensor surfaces of hands, elbows, knees, ankles, forearms, and buttocks. Histology showed a leucocytoclastic vasculitis, suggestive of the diagnosis of EED. Screening for an associated pathology, namely a paraproteinemia or a solid cancer, was negative. Treatment with dapsone leads to amelioration within few weeks.     

Peptidylarginine deiminase isoforms 1-3 are expressed in the epidermis and involved in the deimination of K1 and filaggrin

Post-translational conversion of arginine to citrulline residues is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PAD). Although the existence of five isoforms of PAD has been reported in rodents and humans, their tissue distribution, substrate specificity, and physiological function have yet to be explored. In the epidermis, deimination of filaggrin and keratins is involved in maintaining hydration of the stratum corneum (SC), and hence the cutaneous barrier function. Here, RT-PCR, western blotting, and confocal microscopy analyses with anti-peptide antibodies highly specific for each of the PAD1-4 demonstrated that only PAD1-3 are expressed in mouse and human epidermis. PAD1 was detected in all layers, including the SC, and PAD2 in all the living layers, whereas PAD3 expression was shown to be restricted to the granular layer and lower SC. Moreover, PAD1 and 3 were observed to co-localize with (pro)filaggrin, and PAD2 to be located at the keratinocyte periphery in the stratum granulosum. We also detected PAD1 in extracts of superficial SC, where K1 is deiminated. Moreover, we showed that PAD1 and 3 are able to modify filaggrin in vitro. These data strongly suggest that each enzyme exerts a specific role in the course of epidermis differentiation.     

Marine-derived nutrient improves epidermal and dermal structure and prolongs the life span of reconstructed human skin equivalents

Introduction Imedeen? is a cosmeceutical that provides nutrients to the skin. One of its active ingredients is the Marine Complex? (MC). Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate whether MC affects skin morphogenesis differently in female and male human skin equivalents (HSEs). Methods Human skin equivalents were established with cells obtained from female or male donors between 30 and 45 years of age and cultured for seven or 11 weeks in the presence or absence of MC. Using immunohistochemistry, we examined early differentiation by keratin 10 expression, (hyper)proliferation by keratin 17 and Ki67, and basement membrane composition by laminin 332 and collagen type VII. In addition, the expression of collagen type I and the secretion of pro‐collagen I were measured. Results Marine Complex strongly increased the number of Ki67‐positive epidermal cells in female HSEs. In the dermis, MC significantly stimulated the amount of secreted pro‐collagen I and increased the deposition of laminin 332 and collagen type VII. Furthermore, MC prolonged the viable phase of HSEs by slowing down its natural degradation. After 11 weeks of culturing, the MC‐treated HSEs showed higher numbers of viable epidermal cell layers and a thicker dermal extracellular matrix compared with controls. In contrast, these effects were less pronounced in male HSEs. Conclusion The MC nutrient positively stimulated overall HSE tissue formation and prolonged the longevity of both female and male HSEs. The ability of MC to stimulate the deposition of basement membrane and dermal components can be used to combat 2 human skin aging in vivo.