Presensitization to HLA antigens limits the success of organ transplantation. The achievement of donor‐specific tolerance via mixed chimerism could improve outcomes of transplantation in presensitized patients. In presensitized B‐cell‐deficient μMT B6 mice, we developed nonmyeloablative bone marrow transplantation (BMT) regimens that successfully tolerized presensitized T cells, achieving long‐term (LT) multilineage chimerism and tolerance to donor‐type skin. To apply these regimens in wild‐type (WT) animals while avoiding antibody‐mediated destruction of donor bone marrow cells, presensitized WT B6 mice were rested >2 years to allow alloantibody clearance. However, chimerism and tolerance were not reliably achieved in LT presensitized WT B6 mice in which alloantibody had declined to minimal or undetectable levels before BMT. Strong antidonor memory T‐cell responses were detected in LT presensitized WT B6 mice after rejection of donor bone marrow (BM) occurred, whereas levels of alloantibody remained consistently low. In contrast, presensitized μMT B6 mice had diminished memory T‐cell responses compared to WT B6 mice. These data implicate T‐cell memory, but not alloantibody, in rejection of donor BM in LT presensitized WT mice. 相似文献
Background: We aimed to investigate the associations between androgen status and markers of liver disease severity and to determine the effect of interferon‐α (IFN‐α) treatment on sex hormone levels in the context of hepatitis C infection. Methods: We audited liver biopsy and sex hormone data from 35 men with chronic hepatitis C and a separate group of 11 men with hepatitis C who received IFN‐α treatment at Fremantle Hospital. Results: We found that men with low fibrosis scores (0–2) on the modified Knodell histological activity index were more likely to have lower sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) levels (38.2 ± 13.2 vs 66.6 ± 43.3 nmol/L, P < 0.001) and higher free testosterone levels (380.4 ± 102.0 vs 255.9 ±83.0 pmol/L, P = 0.01) than those with higher fibrosis scores (3–6). SHBG directly correlated with fibrosis scores (r = 0.37, P = 0.032). Free testosterone levels inversely correlated with liver fibrosis scores (r = ?0.43, P = 0.011). A transient reduction in total testosterone of 5.7 ± 4.2 nmol/L (P = 0.014) occurred within the first 6 months of IFN‐α therapy although free testosterone was unaffected. Conclusion: More severe liver disease was associated with lower free testosterone and higher SHBG. IFN‐α therapy reduced total testosterone but not to hypogonadal levels, with no decline in free testosterone. These data suggest that liver disease in hepatitis C infection modulates androgen status indirectly via increased SHBG. Screening for androgen deficiency in the context of hepatitis C infection should selectively target men with more severe liver disease or documented higher grade fibrosis. 相似文献
Background: Anorectal manometry (ARM) is conventionally used to assess patients with fecal incontinence (FI). This review aims to establish the diagnostic accuracy of ARM for FI.
Method: A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index Expanded and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library was performed. Studies examining the sensitivity and specificity of ARM measures, either individually or combined, in the diagnosis of FI, were included. Data analysis was conducted using the bivariate statistical method.
Results: Seven studies were included out of an initial search of 1499 studies. The summary sensitivity and specificity for ARM as an overall test were 0.80 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69–0.88) and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.65–0.90), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for ARM was found to be 16.61 (95% CI: 5.52–50.03). The positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) for ARM were found to be 4.09 (95% CI: 2.11–7.94) and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.14–0.42), respectively. Subgroup analysis based on four studies reporting on maximum resting pressure (MRP) demonstrated a sensitivity, specificity, DOR, PLR and NLR of 0.60 (95% CI: 0.38–0.79), 0.93 (95% CI: 0.80–0.97), 20.0 (95% CI: 4.00–91.00), 8.60 (95% CI: 3.00–24.30) and 0.43 (95% CI: 0.24–0.76), respectively.
Conclusion: ARM has been shown to be an accurate test for diagnosing FI. Further studies are required to establish the diagnostic accuracy of individual ARM measures. 相似文献