Coping and family functions after closed head injury

Cognitive deficits associated with closed head injury (CHI) have been well studied. Less attention has been directed to the emotional consequences of CHI and subsequent attempts to cope with major life events. CHI typically constitutes a catastrophic injury, yet few studies have examined coping strategies used by individuals after CHI or the effects of CHI on family functioning that may mediate coping. Previous workers have speculated that time since injury is a crucial determinant of coping; however, this has not been investigated with regard to CHI. In this preliminary investigation, 40 patients with CHI were compared with 17 neurologically intact controls. The CHI group was divided into two groups according to time since injury. It was found that patients with CHI used information seeking as their most dominant coping strategy regardless of their time since injury. Patients with CHI had higher family cohesion scores than control subjects. Implications of these findings for psychological response to CHI are discussed.     

Ischemic necrosis of the lunate. The value of nuclear spin tomography in comparison to conventional roentgen studies

Conventional radiographs do not always make it possible to confirm a diagnosis of ischemic necrosis of the lunate in the early stages of disease. For these doubtful cases MRI is justifiable in addition, to diagnose or to rule out ischemic necrosis of the lunate.     

Body pain and treatment response in late-life depression.

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated the influence of body pain on 1) time to treatment response and 2) suicidal ideation, in late-life depression. They hypothesized that higher levels of body pain would predict a longer time to and lower likelihood of response, and increased levels of suicidal ideation. METHODS: Subjects (N=187) were older adult outpatients (age > or =69 years), with current episodes of major depression, who were openly treated with paroxetine up to 40 mg daily and weekly interpersonal psychotherapy. Response was defined as 3 consecutive weeks of Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression at < or =10. Body pain was measured with the Bodily Pain Index of the SF-36 quality-of-life assessment. Authors used survival-analysis models on the responder sample to test the effect of body pain on response, after controlling for severity of depression. RESULTS: Overall response rate was 75.4%. Nonresponders reported more severe pain at baseline. After covarying for severity of baseline depression, no effect was found for physical pain on time-to-response or degree of suicidality. Bodily pain remained stable during acute treatment for responders, independent of depression response to combination psychotherapy and antidepressant treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Older adult patients with higher levels of physical pain can still respond to antidepressant treatment; however, reported bodily pain may be associated with a more difficult-to-treat depression.     

Menhaden fish oil, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and protection of newborn rats from oxygen toxicity

We have previously reported that newborn rats born to mothers fed a high n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (safflower oil) diet demonstrated increased n-6 PUFA in lung lipids and superior tolerance to high oxygen exposure. In the present study, we explored whether high n-3 PUFA might also protect against hyperoxic damage and by what mechanism. Adult female rats were fed either regular rat chow, a high n-3 (menhaden fish oil-based) diet, or a high n-6 (safflower oil-based) diet for 6 wk before and then throughout pregnancy and lactation. Newborn offspring of the high n-3 (fish oil) dams demonstrated increased n-3 PUFA (i.e. eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid) and decreased n-6 PUFA (i.e. linoleic and arachidonic acid) in their lung lipids compared to the other two diet groups. The high n-6 (safflower oil) offspring had the opposite PUFA lung lipid pattern (with increases in total n-6 fatty acids and decreases in total n-3 fatty acids). The high n-3 offspring demonstrated markedly decreased lung levels of prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha and thromboxane B2, whereas the high n-6 offspring had higher eicosanoid levels than the regular diet offspring. Offspring of both high n-6 and high n-3 diet dams demonstrated essentially the same superior hyperoxic tolerance compared to regular diet offspring [7-d (greater than 95% O2) survival rates of 110/115 and 99/109, respectively, versus 70/91, p less than 0.01].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Characterization of normal and infarcted rat myocardium using a combination of small-animal PET and clinical MRI.

The combination of small-animal PET and MRI data provides quantitative in vivo insights into cardiac pathophysiology, integrating information on biology and morphology. We sought to determine the feasibility of PET and MRI for the quantification of ischemic injury in the rat model. METHODS: Fourteen healthy male Wistar rats were studied with 18F-FDG PET and cine MRI. Myocardial viability was determined in a transmural myocardial infarction model in 12 additional rats, using 18F-FDG PET and delayed-enhancement MRI with gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. All PET was acquired with a dedicated small-animal PET system. MRI was performed on a 1.5-T clinical tomograph with a dedicated small-animal electrocardiographic triggering device and a small surface coil. RESULTS: In normal rats, 18F-FDG uptake was homogeneous throughout the left ventricle. The lowest mean uptake of the 18F-FDG was found in the apical regions (79% +/- 6.0% of maximum) and the highest uptake was in the anterior wall (93% +/- 4.3 % of maximum). Myocardial infarct size as determined by histology correlated well with defects of glucose metabolism obtained with 18F-FDG PET (r = 0.89) and also with delayed-enhancement MRI (r = 0.91). Left ventricular ejection fraction in normal rats measured by cine MRI was 57% +/- 5.4% and decreased to 38% +/- 12.9% (P < 0.001) in the myocardial infarction model. CONCLUSION: Integrating information from small-animal PET and clinical MRI instrumentation allows for the quantitative assessment of cardiac function and infarct size in the rat model. The MRI measurements of scar can be complemented by metabolic imaging, addressing the extent and severity of ischemic injury and providing endpoints for therapeutic interventions.     

Hybrid Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Introduction of a New Technique for Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Recently, anatomic or double-bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has been presented in an effort to more accurately restore the native anatomy. These techniques create 2 tunnels in both the femur and tibia to reproduce the bundles of the ACL. However, the increased number of tunnels, particularly on the femoral side, has raised some concerns among authors and surgeons. We describe a technique to reconstruct the 2 distinct bundles of the ACL by using a single femoral tunnel and 2 tibial tunnels, the “hybrid” ACL reconstruction. The femoral tunnel is drilled through an anteromedial arthroscopy portal, which allows placement in a more anatomic position. Fixation in the femur is achieved with a novel device that separates a soft-tissue graft into 2 independently functioning bundles. Once fixed in the femur, the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the graft are passed through respective tunnels at the anatomic footprint on the tibia. These bundles are independently tensioned, which creates a reconconstruction that is similar to the native ACL. The technique presented provides surgeons with an alternative to other double-bundle techniques involving 4 tunnels.