Food deprivation and hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression: effects of strain background and the diabetes mutation.

We have used a novel method to identify genes expressed in the hypothalamus which may be potentially involved in controlling food intake and energy metabolism. We assumed that food deprivation, a powerful stimulus of food intake, would stimulate the activity of neural pathways involved in feeding behavior which should be reflected in an increase in the synthesis of any relevant neuropeptide and its messenger RNA. A study of 5 neuropeptides in 5 strains of mice has identified neuropeptide Y (NPY) as a gene whose expression in the hypothalamus is controlled by nutritional status, suggesting that hypothalamic NPY neurons are a link in the neural network regulating feeding behavior and energy metabolism. In addition, we have studied the effect of the diabetes mutation on neuropeptide gene expression during fasting and refeeding. Our findings suggest that abnormal NPY and enkephalin gene expression in the hypothalamus may be two important determinants of the expression of the diabetes mutation.     

Measurement of cerebral monoamine oxidase B activity using L-[11C]deprenyl and dynamic positron emission tomography

A tracer kinetic procedure was developed for the measurement of monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) activity using L-[11C]deprenyl and positron emission tomography (PET). The kinetic model consisted of two tissue compartments with irreversible binding to the second compartment (three rate constants). In addition, a blood volume component was included. Special attention was given to the accurate measurement of the plasma and whole blood input functions. The method was applied to the measurement of the dose-response curve of a reversible MAO-B inhibitor (Ro 19-6327). From the results, it followed that the rate constant for irreversible binding (k3) appeared to be a better index of MAO-B activity than the net influx constant Ki. Furthermore, regional analysis demonstrated that Ki, but not k3, was flow dependent. This implies that full kinetic analysis is required for an accurate assessment of MAO-B activity.     

Formation of free choline in brain tissue during in vitro energy deprivation

Free choline and ATP contents were measured in Mongolian gerbil hippocampal slices (tissue) and incubation media (media) during exposure to 30 min of aglycemia, high potassium, anoxia, or ischemia. Changes in choline levels reflected the degree of energy reduction, lower ATP levels being associated with high choline (4-fold increase during exposure to high potassium and anoxia, and 11-fold increase during ischemia). Media (extracellular) choline was particularly affected and increased about twofold during relatively mild energy depletion (e.g., aglycemia), but tissue choline content was less sensitive to energy reduction. A plot of choline vs. ATP levels indicated a nonlinear correlation, and the sharp increase in choline occurred when ATP values fell to about 2.5 nmol/mg of protein. Inhibition of acetylcholine sterase by 10 microM physostigmine during ischemia did not prevent an increase in choline contents but rather enhanced them, indicating that acetylcholine hydrolysis was not the source of free choline. Formation of free choline was Ca2+ independent. These findings suggest the involvement of phospholipase D and phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis in free choline formation during energy stress. The extent of choline formation may be an indicator of the degree of membranal damage, which in turn reflects damage to the metabolic machinery of the cell.     

Improved adhesion and proliferation of human endothelial cells on polyethylene precoated with monoclonal antibodies directed against cell membrane antigens and extracellular matrix proteins.

Endothelial cell seeding may improve the patency of synthetic vascular grafts provided that platelet reactivity of nonendothelialized sites is not increased. We have investigated if surface-adsorbed monoclonal antibodies directed against endothelial cell membrane proteins and against extracellular matrix proteins promote the adhesion and proliferation of cultured human endothelial cells, without causing platelet deposition at non-endothelialized sites. Adhesion of endothelial cells onto polyethylene coated with monoclonal antibodies directed against endothelial cell-specific membrane antigens, integrin receptors and glycoprotein CD31 was equal to or higher than adhesion onto fibronectin-coated polyethylene. Endothelial cells did not proliferate on these surface-adsorbed antibodies. However, pre-coating of polyethylene with mixtures of endothelial cell-specific monoclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies directed against fibronectin or von Willebrand factor, resulted in relatively high adhesion and optimal proliferation. Platelet reactivity of the polyethylene surface was found to significantly increase after adsorption of fibronectin, endothelial cell-specific monoclonal antibody or its Fc fragments. In contrast, adsorption of F(ab')2 fragments of endothelial cell-specific monoclonal antibody did not promote platelet deposition. Therefore, it is concluded that coating of vascular graft materials with mixtures of F(ab')2 fragments of monoclonal antibodies specifically directed against endothelial cells and against extracellular matrix proteins may be an effective way to both promote the growth of seeded endothelial cells and limit platelet-graft interaction.     

The use of laser-light scattering and controlled shear in platelet aggregometry

Laser-light scattering was used to observe and quantify the dynamics of human blood platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Aggregation was performed in a controlled shear environment by placing the PRP in the annular space between a rotating cylindrical rod and a stationary cylindrical tube. The instrument was capable of very sensitive continuous semi-quantitative measurements of chemically-induced microaggregation. As a demonstration of the technique, results are presented for ADP-induced aggregation at doses of 10, 1, and 0.1 microM and collagen-induced aggregation at a dose of 5 micrograms/ml, each at shear rates of 1,000 s-1 and 500 s-1. Extensive aggregation was observed in response to ADP at even the low dose of 0.1 microM, indicating a high sensitivity to microaggregates. The sensitivity of the ultimate size of the ADP-induced aggregates to ADP concentration was shear dependent. The formation of microaggregates by collagen stimulation was shown to be almost immediate, as contrasted with a 10-20 s typical lag when observed turbidometrically. Disaggregation was observed with 1 microM ADP, but this was only partial, as contrasted with the complete recovery of transmittance observed in the turbidometric technique. Electronic particle sizing and counting was employed to semiquantitatively verify the aggregate size distributions found from mathematical conversion of the laser-light scattering data.     

Use of sonography to evaluate carotid atherosclerosis in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. CHS Collaborative Research Group

Carotid sonography is being performed on more than 5,000 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a prospective, multicenter study of cardiovascular disease in men and women aged 65 years and older. The sonographic methods used to examine and measure the extracranial carotid arteries are described. Initial validation studies were performed on 61 subjects with a mean age of 68.6 years. Analysis of within- and between-sonographer differences and between-reader differences were performed for selected variables. In general, the mean absolute differences for within- and between-sonographer comparisons were small, with even less variability between readers. Variability was less for the common carotid artery than for the internal carotid artery. These data suggest that carotid sonography is a reliable and reproducible method for use in the study of carotid atherosclerosis in population studies.     

Computed tomography of the brain in the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

Computed tomographic (CT) scans of the brain in a child with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome revealed enlargement of the ventricular system, hypoplasia of the cerebellum, and abnormal thickening of the gray matter, consistent with pachygyria. These findings have been previously noted in autopsies performed on patients with this disorder. We conclude that CT scanning is a valuable tool in the evaluation of children suspected of having the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.     

Quantitative immunocytology as a marker for indications and follow-up of recurrence prevention of superficial urinary bladder cancers

In 1985, we initiated a prospective clinical trial to evaluate the risk of recurrence for superficial bladder cancer. Up to now, 41 patients subjected to TUR have subsequently been monitored by immunocytology with a monoclonal antibody (mab 486 p) recently developed in our laboratory. Of these patients, 15 (36.6%) remained marker-negative and received no prophylactic therapy. There was only one recurrence (6.7%) in this subset of patients, whereas 10 out of 26 (38.5%) marker-positive patients have so far developed recurrent malignancies. In all cases, the conversion of immunocytological characteristics preceded visible recurrence by 2-5 months. These preliminary results indicate that immunocytology might make it possible to identify patients at low risk of recurrence more accurately than has so far been feasible with standard cytology or flow-cytometry.