Antibiotic prescribing for chronic skin wounds in primary care

The aim of this study was to describe and quantify systemic antibiotic prescribing for patients with chronic skin wounds presenting at the primary care, nonspecialist setting. Data for 1 year were extracted from a general practice morbidity database comprising approximately 185,000 patients attending family medical practitioners in Wales. Patients with chronic wounds (PCW) were identified using Read Codes and compared with nonwound patients who were randomly selected after matching for age-band, sex, and general practice. PCW received a significantly greater number of antibiotic courses than nonwound patients (p<0.001). This increased level of prescribing was evident for flucloxacillin, co-amoxiclav, cefaclor, cefalexin, erythromycin, trimethoprim, metronidazole, and ciprofloxacin (p<0.01 for all). While PCW also had a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes (16.5% compared with 6.6%, p<0.001), and attended at general practice significantly more frequently than nonwound patients (median (interquartile range) of 25 (17-40) visits per year compared with 12 (4-20), p<0.001), importantly, exclusion of diabetic patients and analysis of the proportion of visits on which patients received antibiotics did not affect the significance of the difference in antibiotic consumption. These data show a strong association between occurrence of chronic wounds and prescribing of antibiotics in primary health care, and wide variation in the type and duration of antibiotic therapy for chronic wounds. Further work is now indicated to rationalize this prescribing and determine the role that this exposure to antibiotics plays in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in this at-risk elderly population.     

Epiphrenic diverticulum of the esophagus.

Esophageal diverticula are rarely found at the terminal portion, where they are called supradiaphragmatic or epiphrenic diverticula and occur in association with motility disorders of the terminal esophagus. We present here two cases of epiphrenic esophageal diverticulum, one of which was treated surgically.     

Lymphatic drainage from the skin of the back to retroperitoneal and paravertebral lymph nodes in melanoma patients

Background: Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy (LS) with^99mTc antimony sulphide colloid is now part of the routine management of patients with intermediate thickness melanoma at the Sydney Melanoma Unit. Over a 13-year period, 1375 patients have been examined using LS, and we have observed many unusual lymphatic drainage pathways, including direct drainage through the body wall to retroperitoneal and paravertebral lymph nodes from the skin of the back. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of such drainage in the 542 patients who had primary melanoma sites on the posterior trunk. Methods: The lymphoscintigrams performed on these patients were examined for the presence of direct lymphatic drainage through the posterior body wall to sentinel nodes in the retroperitoneal and paravertebral regions. Results: Lymphatic drainage directly through the body wall to such lymph nodes occurred in 14 of these 542 patients. Conclusions: Preoperative knowledge of the presence of this lymph drainage pattern may influence surgical management, and follow-up investigations in these patients can be tailored to ensure that the relevant areas are examined with anatomic imaging or F18-FDG PET scans.     

Septicemias in cancer patients during parenteral nutrition: contributing factors and detection by weekly blood cultures

Infections constitute the main complication of parenteral nutrition, particularly in cancer patients, but prediction of catheter-related septicemias (CRS) has been little investigated. We have evaluated, in 200 consecutive episodes of parenteral nutrition (PN) in cancer patients, the factors contributing to infectious complications, and the predictive value of weekly blood cultures performed through the nutrition catheter. The median duration of PN was 22 days with a total of 5816 patient-days of PN, neutropenia (neutrophils < 1,000/mul) being present in 872 (15%). Catheters were placed either in a jugular vein (71% single-lumen silicone catheters, 18.5% double-lumen Hickman-Broviac catheters) or in a femoral vein (10.5%). We observed 62 episodes of septicemia of which 22 were CRS (11% incidence for the 200 cycles) and 40 were non-CRS (20% incidence); CRS were mostly due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (14 22 ). Neutropenic patients as a group did not suffer more CRS than non-neutropenic patients, but the risk of CRS was slightly increased when expressed per day of neutropenia (8 CRS/872 days vs 14 CRS/4942 days without neutropenia, P < 0.05). On the other hand, a femoral insertion site was associated with a much higher incidence of CRS (9 CRS/21 femoral catheters vs 13 CRS/179 jugular catheters, P < 0.0001). It was possible to evaluate 20 episodes of CRS for their predictability by weekly blood cultures: the sensitivity for detecting CRS due to Staphylococcus epidermidis was 67%, the specificity 92%, the negative predictive value 98% and the positive predictive value 36%. The simple and widely available procedure of routine surveillance blood cultures performed through the PN catheter should be further investigated, because it could help the clinician to determine the origin of recent fever, particularly to exclude CRS and avoid unnecessary removal of PN catheters.     

Median rhomboid glossitis: secondary to colonisation of the tongue by Actinomyces (a case report).

Median rhomboid glossitis is an inflammatory lesion of the tongue, now believed to be secondary to candidiasis. We document a case of median rhomboid glossitis with heavy colonisation by Actinomyces in a 60-year-old male. We propose that Actinomyces, like Candida, induces pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the mucosa of the tongue and florid inflammatory hyperplasia of the underlying connective tissue, resulting in the characteristic elevated lesion. Actinomyces has not earlier been implicated as a cause of median rhomboid glossitis.     

Diagnosis of aortic occlusive diseases using impedance plethysmography

Impedance plethysmographic observations have been correlated with aortographic observations in 57 patients suspected of aortic occlusive diseases. Aortic occlusions have been characterised by marked decrease in blood flow index and significant increase in differential pulse arrival time at thigh level bilaterally. Atherosclerotic affection of the aorta has been featured by a bilateral decrease in the value of blood flow index as well as differential pulse arrival time at thigh level. Leriche's syndrome, however, has been found to decrease the blood flow index moderately at thigh in both the legs without any significant change in differential pulse arrival time. Aortography in all the patients has confirmed the diagnosis made by impedance plethysmography.     

Neonatal candidial endocarditis--a rare manifestation of systemic candidiasis

Infective candidial endocarditis in four premature neonates is reported. These occurred as a complication of systemic candidiasis. Vegetations were present on the right side of the heart in two cases and both sides in the other two. Diagnosis requires a high degree of clinical suspicion. Mortality rate is high despite appropriate therapy.