Bilateral multiligament injury of knee caused by entangled dupatta

We report a rare case of bilateral multiligament knee injury in an 18-year-old female employed in garment industry. Patient was wearing salwar kameez and dupatta while operating an electric laundry machine. In this case we discuss a peculiar mechanism of injury caused due to wearing dupatta near working site and suggest simple preventive measures.     

Protective Effect of Carbopol on Enzymatic Degradation of a Peptide-Like Substrate I: Effect of Various Concentrations and Grades of Carbopol and Other Reaction Variables on Trypsin Activity

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the effect of various concentrations and grades of Carbopol on trypsin-induced degradation of a prototype substrate, N_α-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride (BAEE). Effect of other reaction variables, such as viscosity and ionic strength of the medium on the trypsin activity, was also analyzed simultaneously. Four concentrations and three commercially available grades of Carbopol were used. The effect of Carbopol was expressed in terms of change in the velocity of degradation reaction. A modified trypsin assay was developed and used for analysis. Up to a concentration of 0.35% w/v, Carbopol® 934P showed a concentration-dependent increase in its ability to reduce the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of BAEE. Similar inhibitory effect was observed with all three grades of Carbopol. The activity of trypsin was unaffected by other reaction variables, suggesting that interaction between the protein and the polymer could be the mechanism responsible for reduced trypsin activity. This study suggests that Carbopol can be a useful excipient for oral delivery of bioactive proteins and peptides, due to its ability to reduce the enzyme-induced degradation of these agents.     

Study of Outcome of Tympanoplasties in Relation to Size and Site of Tympanic Membrane Perforation

There are not many studies on the effect of the site and size of the perforation on the hearing loss. This study is set to investigate the relationship between the size and site of perforation and hearing loss. This study was carried out between September 2011 to September 2013, at a tertiary care centre during which 100 cases of chronic otitis media tubotympanic type having central perforation were selected. All patients underwent, tympanoplasty using temporalis fascia/cartilage graft, underlay technique with or without simple mastoidectomy/modified radical mastoidectomy and followed up for 3 months and evaluated for graft uptake and hearing improvement with respect to size and site of TM perforation. To measure the size of perforation intra-operatively, thin transparency sheet was used, on which a graph paper of 1 × 1 mm² size was printed. Significant relationship was observed between size and site of tympanic membrane perforation with hearing loss. Perforations which were involving all four quadrants (AS + AI + PS + PI) are having maximum residual perforations after the surgery. In relation with size, subtotal perforation were having more residual perforations postoperatively, followed by medium sized perforations. An inherent relationship noted between ossicular involvement and hearing loss, maximum average hearing loss was observed in those cases, where all three ossicles (malleus, incus & stapes) were involved, also more hearing loss was noted in posterior perforations.     

The evaluation of gastrointestinal function in diabetic patients

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Chronic Lithium Treatment Enhances the Number of Quiescent Neural Progenitors but Not the Number of DCX-Positive Immature Neurons

Background:

The term adult neurogenesis constitutes a series of developmental steps including the birth, survival, differentiation, maturation, and even death of newborn progenitor cells within neurogenic niches. Within the hippocampus progenitors reside in the neurogenic niche of the subgranular zone in the dentate gyrus subfield. At the different stages, designated type-I, type-IIa, type-IIb, type-III, and granule cell neurons, the cells express a series of markers enabling their identification and visualization. Lithium has been shown to increase hippocampal cell proliferation in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus subfield of adult rodents and to stimulate the proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells in vitro, but data regarding lithium’s ability to increase neuronal differentiation and survival is equivocal.

Methods:

To clarify the effect of lithium on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, we identified the effect of chronic lithium treatment on distinct stages of hippocampal progenitor development using adult Nestin-green fluorescent protein transgenic mice and immunofluorescent techniques.

Results:

The present observations confirm that lithium targets the initial stages of progenitor development enhancing the turnover of quiescent neural progenitors/putative stem-cells, corroborating previous reports. However, the enhanced quiescent neural progenitor-turnover does not translate into an increased number of immature neurons. We also observed a steep decline in the number of type-III immature neurons with complex tertiary-dendrites, suggesting that lithium alters the morphological maturation of newborn neurons.

Conclusions:

Our results do not corroborate previous reports of lithium-induced enhanced numbers of newly generated neurons.