Background: Clonidine can effectively reduce pain and/or hypersensitivity. However, the antihypersensitivity effects of clonidine topically applied in cream (CC) have not been investigated. The authors evaluated effects of topical application of CC on pain behaviors and spinal Fos-like immunoreactivity in rats with hypersensitivity.
Methods: Clonidine (30, 100, and 300 [mu]g/g) was prepared in a cream base. In rat models of neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, and postoperative pain, the authors evaluated effects of CC (0.1 g), topically applied onto the plantar surface of the injured or uninjured paw, on thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia to von Frey filaments. The authors also evaluated effects of CC on lumbar spinal Fos-like immunoreactivity.
Results: In neuropathic rats, CC applied onto the injured paw reduced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia dose dependently, whereas CC applied onto the uninjured paw had no effect. The antihypersensitivity effects of CC were antagonized by intraperitoneal yohimbine (10 mg/kg). Further, CC reduced Fos-like immunoreactivity in neuropathic rats. In contrast, CC in a single dose had no effects on hyperalgesia, allodynia, or Fos-like immunoreactivity in rats with inflammatory or postoperative pain. In rats with postoperative pain, CC repeatedly applied for 6 days reduced thermal hyperalgesia, but not mechanical allodynia, in the postoperative days, whereas it had no effects on hyperalgesia or allodynia in those with inflammatory pain. 相似文献
We compared three maintenance immunosuppressive regimens in a rapid discontinuation of prednisone protocol. From March 1, 2001, through December 31, 2003, 239 first and second kidney transplant recipients (166 LD; 73 DD) were randomized. All recipients were treated with Thymoglobulin; all received steroids intraoperatively and for 5 days postoperatively. Randomization was to cyclosporine-mycophenolate mofetil (n = 85); high-level tacrolimus (TAC) (8-12 ng/mL)-low-level sirolimus (SRL) (3-7 ng/mL) (n = 72); or low-level TAC (3-7 ng/mL)-high-level SRL (8-12 ng/mL) (n = 82). We found no difference at 24 months between groups in patient, graft, death-censored graft, or acute rejection-free graft survival, or in kidney function. Wound complications were more common in SRL-treated recipients (p = 0.02); we found no other differences between groups in complication rates. Our data suggest that excellent patient and graft survival and low rejection rates can be obtained using a variety of maintenance protocols without prednisone. 相似文献
Since 1962, lasers have been used in dermatology and have become the first choice in the treatment of superficial, vascular ectasia. Lasers are unique sources of light; they are coherent, monochromatic, collimated and intense. By careful selection of wavelength, pulse duration, and intensity, it is often possible to selectively confine a laser effect to a specific histologic structure in tissue, depending upon the tissue properties. The ideal treatment of Port Wine Stains (PWS) should irreversibly damage the ectatic vessels but minimize heating of the epidermis and superficial dermis. A theory, called selective photothermolysis, predicts the optimal combination of laser parameters of achieving this ideal treatment of PWS to be a wavelength of 577 nm, a pulse duration of 0.35-10 msec, and an energy per surface area of about 7-8 J/cm2. Laser wavelength: The wavelength of 577 nm is preferred because it: maximizes the selective absorption by hemoglobin, minimizes absorption by epidermal melanin, provides sufficient depth of penetration in the blood to coagulate 0.1 mm vessels allows penetration of light into dermis up to 1 mm. Laser pulse duration: A pulse-width in the range of 0.35-10 msec allows the temperature elevation to be uniform inside the vessel and to be confined to the vessel area. Shorter pulses superheat the red blood cells causing explosive boiling and hemorrhage. Longer pulses allow heat to diffuse away from vessels, requiring greater energies per pulse to achieve vessel damage. An increased energy per pulse increases the risk of excessive damage to surrounding tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
Objective: Two major changes have occurred in inguinal hernia repair during the last two decades: (i) the use of tension‐free mesh repair; and (ii) the application of laparoscopic technique for repair. The aims of the present study were to study: (i) how inguinal hernia repair was carried out; and (ii) the outcome of inguinal hernia repair in Hospital Authority (HA) hospitals. Methodology: This was a retrospective analysis on 8311 elective inguinal hernia repairs performed in 16 HA hospitals from January 2001 to December 2003. The mean age was 63.9 ± 14.2 years, and the male to female ratio was 22.0 : 1.0. Among these, 869 (10.5%) repairs were performed with the laparoscopic approach and 7442 (89.5%) repairs with the open approach. The proportion of laparoscopic hernia repair increased from 8.7% to 12.6%. Results: For open repair, 39% of cases were carried out with regional anaesthesia, 32% with general anaesthesia and 29% with local anaesthesia (LA). Furthermore, mesh repair was used in 88% of the patients. For laparosocpic repair, 98.4% of cases were carried out under general anaesthesia, and all patients had mesh repair using the totally extraperitoneal approach. A significantly higher proportion of bilateral repair and recurrent hernia repair was performed with the laparoscopic approach (P = 0.000). For primary unilateral repair, there was no significant difference in the postoperative length of stay (LOS) and the total LOS between the laparoscopic and the open surgery groups. No difference in LOS was found in recurrent hernia repair between the two groups. With respect to bilateral repair, both the preoperative LOS (P = 0.036) and total LOS (P = 0.039) were shorter in the laparoscopic group. Furthermore, a significantly higher proportion of day‐surgery patients was observed in the laparoscopic group than the open surgery group (21.3%vs 16.9%, P = 0.001). Nevertheless, when only the results of 2003 were analyzed, the postoperative LOS (P = 0.000) and total LOS (P = 0.000) were significantly shorter in the laparoscopic group than the open surgery group. The LOS parameters were significantly shorter in the open surgery LA subgroup compared with the non‐LA subgroup (P = 0.000), and they were not different from those in the laparoscopic group. Conclusions: The open mesh repair is the predominant approach for inguinal hernia repair in HA hospitals. The originally described local anaesthetic approach was under utilized, although it resulted in good outcome. The use of laparoscopic hernia repair is increasing and a learning curve was recently observed with improved outcome. 相似文献
A family clustering analysis of HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc positive and total infected persons in 148 families on a farm was carried out by the methods of G statistic, binomial distribution and negative binomial distribution. The results consistently showed that there was significant clustering of HBsAg carriers in families, whereas there were not clustering was seen an overall HBV infected persons in families. The clustering of HBsAg carriers in families is due probably to the effect of some genetic factors. The results of G statistic analysis indicate that anti-HBc also have significant clustering in families. 相似文献
INTRODUCTION: Angiotensin (Ang) IV enhances learning and memory in rats but there are strain differences in its effects in mice. Oxytocin (OT) also influences learning and memory in rats and mice and, in the light of the proposed effects of Ang IV on oxytocinase, the hypothesis that the effects of Ang IV on cognition in mice involve OT was tested. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of Ang IV and OT, alone and combined, were determined in rat isolated uterine smooth muscle and in object recognition and forced swim tests in BKW mice. RESULTS: Ang potentiated the contractile effects of OT in the uterus. Neither peptide had any effect on object recognition nor locomotor activity. Ang IV had no effect in the forced swim test but abolished the effects of OT. CONCLUSIONS: Ang IV influences the actions of OT in vitro and in vivo, possibly by inhibition of oxytocinase, but the lack of effect of Ang IV on object recognition in BKW mice is unlikely to be a consequence of a deficiency endogenous OT. Unlike OT, Ang IV alone has no effect on learned helplessness in the forced swim test, an effect often used to predict potential antidepressant efficacy in humans. 相似文献
Several neurodegenerative diseases, including motor neuron disease (MND), are characterized by formation of abnormal cytoskeleton-derived inclusions which contain ubiquitin (Ubq). We have studied the distribution of Ubq in 26 cases of MND with light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. Ubiquitin-positive inclusions were found in neurons of anterior horns in most cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) but were not present in other forms of MND. Ubiquitin immunoreactivity was observed in 10-15 nm intraneuronal filaments, which were not stained by antibodies to neurofilaments, and on dense bodies of dystrophic neurites throughout the neuropil of anterior horns and pyramidal tracts. Data analysis showed a trend toward lower percentage of Ubq-positive neurons in cases with longer duration of illness or lower number of neurons. A high percentage of Ubq-positive inclusions occurred in cases with an aggressive clinical course, suggesting that ubiquitination takes place at early stages of the disease. 相似文献