Comparison of the smoking behaviour and attitudes of smokers who attribute respiratory symptoms to smoking with those who do not.

General practitioners' (GPs') advice against smoking helps smokers to stop; unfortunately, GPs cannot predict which patients will quit following advice. This postal questionnaire survey suggests that where smokers attribute their respiratory symptoms to smoking, they are eight times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.0-23.3) more likely to believe that their health will improve if they stop smoking and six times (95% CI = 1.4-23.3) more likely to intend to stop smoking.     

体外厌氧条件下载铜蒙脱石杀菌效果的研究

载铜蒙脱石的杀菌作用通过脑心浸液肉汤 (BHI)二倍系列稀释法来判定其最小抑菌浓度 (MIC)。释放入肉汤和生理盐水中Cu2 的量通过原子吸收光谱仪测定。杀菌动力学研究采用改良的振荡瓶法。结果表明 :厌氧条件下 ,载铜蒙脱石具有很强的杀菌性能。载铜蒙脱石对放线共生放线杆菌的最小抑菌浓度为 2 .5 6mg/ml;对血液链球菌为 5 .12mg/ml。测得肉汤二倍稀释的载铜蒙脱石释放出的Cu2 量在 2 .39～ 38.6 5 ppm之间 ,在生理盐水中释放的Cu2 量为 1.85～ 15 .82ppm。本试验结果表明 ,蒙脱石无抗菌性能。     

SARS疫情期间公众心态影响及变化趋势分析

目的：探索重大突发性公共卫生事件对社会公众心理行为的影响，以及在不同阶段中公众心态变化的特点。方法：对SAILS流行期间374人次的心理咨询记录进行分析，依据疫情发展情况，比较各阶段的差异。结果：在咨询者中，女性(59．4％)多于男性(40．6％)；根据疫情变化将咨询记录数据划分为三个阶段，分析发现随着疫情缓和，针对SARS症状的咨询者显著减少，从13．1％降低到1．8％；有关社会生活的咨询者显著增多，从8．7％上升到12．3％；在有关情绪问题的咨询者中，伴有相关症状者显著减少，从23．0％降低到4．5％；不伴相关症状者显著增多，从77．0％上升到95．5％。结论：整个SAILS疫情期问，情绪问题始终占第一位；随SARS疫情缓和，社会公众对于疾病本身的关注减少，而与疫情有关的社会生活问题增多；面对突发性公共卫生事件，及时开通心理咨询热线电话是十分必要的。     

骨髓源间充质干细胞在异基因小鼠免疫器官内的分布及其免疫功能调节作用

目的：探讨骨髓源间充质干细胞(Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells，BMSC)在异基因小鼠免疫器官内的分布及其免疫调节作用。方法：以CM-Dil荧光染料示踪BMSC的体内分布情况，并辅以PCR检测Y染色体的方法进一步鉴定；体外实验采用MTT法、ELISA和FACS等方法检测BMSC的免疫调节作用。结果：BMSC可进入并较长期(30天)存在于异基因小鼠免疫器官内；在体外，BALB／C小鼠的BMSC对由ConA诱导的BALB／C和C57BL／6(B6)和BXSB小鼠的T细胞增殖均有抑制作用；而对前两种小鼠由12S诱导的B细胞增殖和分泌k方面表现为促进作用，对BXSB小鼠由IPS诱导的B细胞增殖和k分泌有抑制作用。BALB／C小鼠的BMSC对BALB／C和B6小鼠由ConA诱导的IL-4生成细胞的数量无明显影响，却可降低由ConA诱导的两种品系小鼠的IFN-γ生成细胞的数量；但对于BXSB小鼠却不同，BALB／C的BMSC可降低由ConA诱导的BXSB小鼠的IL-4生成细胞的数量，而提高由ConA诱导的IFN-γ生成细胞的数量。结论：异基因BMSC不但可进入受体的免疫器官，且可较长期(30天)存在；另外，BMSC对同基因正常、异基因正常和异基因自身免疫病的个体均有一定程度的免疫调节作用。     

Molecular Manipulations of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase: Functional Importance for Learning

Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) controls the availability of extracellular superoxide (O ₂ ^- ), which is important for a variety of physiological pathways, including the primary means of inactivating nitric oxide (NO). The role of EC-SOD in neurobehavioral function has been until now unexplored. In the current studies, the phenotypic expression of genotypic alterations of EC-SOD production in mice were characterized for spatial learning and memory. Dramatic impairments in spatial learning in the win-shift 8-arm radial maze were seen in both EC-SOD knockout mice and EC-SOD overexpressing mice. The EC-SOD overexpressing mice were further characterized as having significant deficits in a repeated acquisition task in the radial-arm maze, which permitted the dissociation of long and short-term learning. Long-term learning was significantly impaired by EC-SOD overexpression, whereas short-term learning was not significantly affected by EC-SOD overexpression. NO systems have been shown to be importantly involved in learning and memory. This may be important in the current studies because EC-SOD has primary control over the inactivation of NO. We found that EC-SOD overexpressing mice were resistant to the cognitive effects of L-NAME (N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride), an NO synthase inhibitor. Decreased NO catabolism in these mice may have served to counter the effects of NOS inhibition by L-NAME. The current finding that EC-SOD levels that were either higher or lower than controls impaired learning demonstrates that the proper control of brain extracellular (O ₂ ^- ) may be more vital than merely reduction of brain extracelluar (O ₂ ^- ) in maintaining adequate learning function.     

流感病毒血凝素基因工程抗体的抗病毒实验效果观察

目的：对昆虫细胞系统表达纯化的中和性流感病毒血凝素基因工程全抗体IgG-IV-2,IgG-IV-6进行体外和体内抗病毒效果的研究。方法：对比抗体应用前后病毒在MDCK细胞中的病毒滴度和动物模型中粘膜用药前后鼠肺内病毒滴度的改变，验证抗体的粘膜抗感染效果。结果：两株基因工程抗体使4．5log10TCID50滴度的病毒下降1／2的剂量分别为0．8μg和0．5μg；动物模型的粘膜给药表明使4．0log10TCID50的病毒下降1／2所需的抗体剂量IgG-IV-2为0．25mg/kg体重，IgG-IV-6为0．1mg/kg体重，联合应用时为0．08mg/kg体重。结论：获得的基因工程抗体具有体内体外的抗病毒效果，能够中和病毒毒力。     

Eye tracking as an objective measure of hyperphagia in children with Prader‐Willi syndrome

This study examined sensitivity of eye tracking measures to hyperphagia severity in Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS). Gaze data were collected in 57 children with PWS, age 3–11 years, and 47 typically developing peers at two study sites during free visual exploration of complex stimulus arrays that included images of food, animals, and household objects. Analysis of the number and duration of fixations as well as gaze perseverations revealed that food items are not exceptionally salient for children with PWS. Instead, increased attention to food in the context of other high‐interest items (e.g., animals) was associated with caregiver reports of more severe hyperphagia and more advanced nutritional phase. The study also provided preliminary evidence of possible genetic subtype and sex differences as well as demonstrated that multiple investigators in a wide range of settings can effectively implement the eye tracking protocol. The results indicate that gaze characteristics derived from eye tracking may be a promising objective marker of hyperphagia in PWS for use in research and clinical trials.