Two dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of aortic dissection

The usefulness of two dimensional echocardiography in establishing the diagnosis of aortic dissection was evaluated. Forty-two patients were referred for study; 15 had a dissection and 27 did not. Two dimensional echocardiography detected the intimai flap in 12 of 15 patients with a dissection; the three false negative studies were in patients with a localized dissection. There was one false positive study in the 27 patients who did not have a dissection.     

Coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistulas.

Twelve patients with a total of 14 coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistulas were discovered at the time of diagnostic coronary angiography. Six patients had severe coronary artery disease, five patients had normal coronary arteriography, one patient had insignificant coronary artery disease, and one patient had rheumatic heart disease. Only two patients had characteristic continuous murmurs; one patient had a normal coronary angiogram, and the second patient had severe coronary artery disease. Ten fistulas originated from the left anterior descending artery, three from the right coronary artery, and one from the left circumflex artery. The fistulas were either composed of one large (five fistulas) or one or more small channels (seven fistulas) or poorly defined plexiform channels (two fistulas). Hydrogen studies performed in two patients were negative and dye dilution curves performed in all patients were normal. In only four out of the six patients with severe coronary artery disease, the fistulas originated from a diseased vessel and in each case the origin was proximal to the narrowing. The pathogenesis and functional role of these fistulas is largely unknown.     

Comparison of two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography in the evaluation of patients with infective endocarditis.

M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of infectious endocarditis and its complications was reviewed. In 21 consecutive patients with clinical endocarditis, 22 valves were involved (12 aortic, 5 mitral and 5 tricuspid). M-mode echocardiography detected vegetations in 10 patients (four aortic, two mitral and four tricuspid) and detected complications of endocarditis in 2 patients (one aortic root abscess and one flail aortic cusp). Two-dimensional echocardiography detected vegetations in 9 patients (four aortic, one mitral and four tricuspid) and detected complications in ten patients (five flail aortic cusps, one aortic root abscess, one sinus on Valsalva aneurysm, two flail mitral leaflets and one flail tricuspid valve). Thus, although M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography had a similar ability to detect actual vegetations, two-dimensional echocardiography was superior to M-mode echocardiography in diagnosing complications of the destructive process.     

HPV and systemic lupus erythematosus: a mosaic of potential crossreactions

Etiology, pathogenesis, and immunology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) form a complex, still undeciphered picture that recently has been further made complicated by a new factor of morbidity: human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Indeed, a prevalence of HPV infections has been reported among SLE patients. Searching for molecular mechanisms that might underlie and explain the relationship between HPV infection and SLE, we explored the hypothesis that immune responses following HPV infection may crossreact with proteins that, when altered, associate with SLE. Analyzing HPV L1 proteins and using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human retrovirus (HERV) as controls, we found a vast peptide overlap with human proteins comprehending lupus Ku autoantigen proteins p86 and p70, lupus brain antigen 1 homolog, lupus antigen expressed in neurons and muscles, natural killer cell IgG-like receptors, complement proteins C4-A and C4-B, complement receptor CD19, and others. The multitude and heterogeneity of peptide overlaps not only further support the hypothesis that crossreactivity can represent a primum movens in SLE onset, but also provide a molecular framework to the concept of SLE as “an autoimmune mosaic syndrome.” Finally, once more, it emerges the need of using the principle of peptide uniqueness as a new paradigm for safe and efficacious vaccinology.

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Are surgeons and anesthesiologists lying to each other or gaming the system? A national random sample survey about “truth-telling practices” in the perioperative setting in the United States

Background

The perioperative setting demands strong teamwork to ensure safe patient care, but anecdotally surgeons and anesthesiologists are not always fully truthful with each other. The present study sought to determine the frequency of misrepresentation of the truth in the perioperative setting.

Methods

Direct mailed survey in the United States about misrepresenting information to colleagues in a national random sample of 1130 anesthesiologists and 1130 surgeons.

Results

Reflecting the sensitive nature of these questions, only 252 (11 %) surveys were returned-128/1130 by anesthesiologists and 124/1130 by surgeons. While modest numbers of both anesthesiologists (34/128, 27 %) and surgeons (8/124, 7 %) acknowledged misreporting information at least once per month, misreporting was considerably more common among responding anesthesiologists. Among anesthesiologists the majority (68 %) were concerned that surgeons misreported information to them once a month or more often, though only 8 % of surgeons shared reciprocal concerns. More than a third of responding anesthesiologists (36 %) reported having seen their teachers misreport information to surgeons during their training.

Conclusions

These findings, though preliminary due to the small sample, raise concerns about a possible culture of misrepresentation, passed on between generations, in some perioperative environments. Misreporting of information should be examined in more detail and addressed at local levels whenever it is found. Further research is required to determine if the reported behaviors represent routine gaming of perioperative care systems or deliberate and intentional deception. Strategies aimed at fostering conditions in which open honest communication can thrive should be investigated.