External quality assurance as a revalidation method for pathologists in pediatric histopathology: Comparison of four international programs

Aim  

External quality assurance (EQA) is an extremely valuable resource for clinical pathologists to maintain high standards, improve diagnostic skills, and possibly revalidate medical license. The aim of this study was to participate in and compare four international slide survey programs (UK, IAP-Germany, USA-Canada, Australasia) in pediatric histopathology for clinical pathologists with the aim to use it as a revalidation method.     

Recruiting and retaining GPs and patients in intervention studies: the DEPS-GP project as a case study

Background  

Recruiting and retaining GPs for research can prove difficult, and may result in sub-optimal patient participation where GPs are required to recruit patients. Low participation rates may affect the validity of research.     

细胞裂解法对单细胞PCR扩增效率的影响

目的研究细胞裂解法对单细胞PCR扩增效率的影响,寻求较好的细胞裂解方法.方法应用显微分离技术分离单个淋巴细胞,分别使用冻融变性和蛋白酶K裂解法处理单细胞,应用多重PCR同时扩增X染色体特异重复序列(DXZ1)和Y染色体特异重复序列(DYZ1)对单细胞进行性别诊断,比较其扩增效率.结果使用显微操作法获得80个男性淋巴细胞.采用冻融变性处理单细胞,40个淋巴细胞经多重PCR扩增后有32个产生DXZ1和DYZ1两条电泳带,正确率为80%.采用蛋白酶K裂解法,40个淋巴细胞经多重PCR扩增后均产生DXZ1和DYZ1两条电泳带,正确率为100%.两者的扩增效率有显著的差异性(χ2=6.81,P<0.01).结论 Rechitsky等的蛋白酶K裂解法比较简便,费时短,扩增效率高,适合细胞裂解及PCR扩增模板的制备.     

逆行半比目鱼肌带蒂肌瓣修复小腿远端软组织缺损

目的总结逆行半比目鱼肌带蒂肌瓣修复小腿远端软组织缺损的临床应用结果。方法 2006年10月~2012年10月,应用逆行半比目鱼肌带蒂肌瓣修复12例小腿远端软组织缺损,年龄16~42岁(平均35岁)。肌瓣表面行一期中厚网状游离植皮,供区直接缝合。结果所有的肌瓣全部成活,取得了满意的临床效果。随访1.5~3.5年,平均2.5年,8例伴有胫骨骨折者骨折全部愈合。结论逆行半比目鱼肌带蒂肌瓣具有血管解剖恒定、血运丰富以及操作简单等优点,适宜修复小腿远端软组织缺损。     

阿昌族与汉族维生素D受体基因Fok多态性

目的　了解维生素 D受体基因多态性在中国不同民族中的分布。方法　应用聚合酶链反应 -限制性片段长度多态性分析、基因测序等技术检测 6 8名阿昌族人和 92名汉族人的维生素 D受体基因Fok 多态性 ,比较两组维生素 D受体基因型和等位基因的分布频率。结果　在 6 8名阿昌族人中 FF基因型占 18%、Ff基因型占 35 %、ff基因型占 4 7% ,而在 92名汉族人中 FF基因型占 2 2 %、Ff基因型占 5 2 %、ff基因型占 2 6 %。两组维生素 D受体基因型的分布频率差异有显著性 (χ2 =7.716 ,P=0 .0 2 1)。结论　阿昌族与汉族维生素 D受体基因 Fok 多态性分布频率差异有显著性。     

大鼠大脑皮质微血管的一氧化氮合酶神经元及终末的正常分布研究

目的;研究正常大鼠大脑皮质额、顶、枕、颞叶的一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）神经元及NOS阳性终末的分布,尤其注意它们与皮质微血管的关系。方法:采用NADPH-d组化方法。结果:NOS阳性神经元在皮质各层散在分布,数量较少,额、顶叶约半数的NOS神经元直接与皮质血管构成接触,枕、额叶中约三分之一的NOS神经元与皮质血管构成接触。而NOS阳性纤维多且密集成网状,额、顶叶的终末数量明显多于枕、颞叶,其中6％～7％的阳性终末分布至血管壁。结论:大脑皮质内的NOS神经元及NOS阳性终末参与皮质微循环的调节。     

抗肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7 EspA单克隆抗体的制备及其特性鉴定

目的:制备抗肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7EspA单克隆抗体(mAb)。方法:以重组EspA蛋白为免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠,运用杂交瘤技术并且联合间接ELISA筛选只针对EspA的杂交瘤细胞株。以Ig类与亚类鉴定试剂盒鉴定mAb的Ig亚类,ELISA、Western blot及免疫荧光技术鉴定抗体的免疫学特性。结果:获得3株稳定分泌抗EspA杂交瘤细胞的mAb,Ig亚型分别为IgG1κ型、IgG2aκ型、IgG2bκ型。Western blot和免疫荧光分析表明,3株杂交瘤细胞制备的mAb腹水都能特异地结合重组EspA蛋白和识别O157:H7的EspA成分。结论:成功地制备了抗肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7EspA的mAb,并证明了该mAb的生物学活性,为深入研究肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7的致病机制提供新的手段。     

动脉粥样硬化并发血栓形成家兔模型的研究

目的： 建立AS并发血栓形成的动物模型，为开展急性冠脉综合症（ACS）发病机制的研究奠定一定的实验基础。 方法： 实验组20只雄性新西兰兔，高胆固醇喂养18周，建立AS性兔模型；另取5只雄性新西兰兔用普通颗粒饲料喂养作为对组照。18周末采用血管紧张素Ⅱ 30 μg/kg静脉注射诱导，24 h后重复静脉注射1次。观察两组血脂、动脉壁斑块、血栓形态和AS血栓形成模型成功率。 结果： 实验组第9、18周血清TC、LDL-C水平明显高于对照组；实验组AS模型成功率为100%，而并发血栓的形成率为60％，可见血栓形成处血管内膜被掀起及内膜的连续性中断，伴有相应节段中膜的断裂、坏死和组织脱落，血栓与斑块相邻，而对照组未见血栓形成。 结论： 血管紧张素Ⅱ可导致血流动力学异常和血管壁结构的破坏，能成功诱导AS并发血栓形成模型，为ACS发生、发展和干预提供一个方便可行的研究方法。     

Interstitial Stress and Fluid Pressure Within a Growing Tumor

A solid tumor is composed of a population of cells that is expanding as a result of cell division. With dense cell packing, the solid matrix of the interstitial tissue is subject to residual stress. In addition, elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) has been reported by researchers for a number of solid tumors. These features were incorporated into a mathematical model that predicts the mechanical response of a solid tumor within its host environment. A theoretical framework accounting for volumetric expansion, transvascular exchange and extravascular transport of fluids was developed using poroelastic theory, and applied to a spherical, vascularized, alymphatic tumor undergoing small growth increments. Simulations of tumor IFP were similar to those predicted by Jain and Baxter (Ref. 23), showing elevated IFP that is driven by microvascular fluid pressure. Tumor growth, tissue stiffness, and IFP contribute to the compressive stresses predicted in the solid tumor interior. Tensile and compressive stresses were predicted in adjacent host tissues corresponding to radial and circumferential directions, respectively. An application of this model includes a solid stress-based framework for predicting regions of vascular collapse within the tumor interior. © 2003 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2003: 8717Ee, 8710+e, 8719Rr, 8719Xx     

Inflammatory cytokine response to Vibrio vulnificus elicited by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronic alcohol users is associated with biomarkers of cellular oxidative stress

Vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of death in the United States associated with the consumption of raw seafood, particularly oysters. In epidemiological studies, primary septicemia and inflammation-mediated septic shock caused by V. vulnificus is strongly associated with liver disease, often in the context of chronic alcohol abuse. The present study was undertaken to determine whether clinical biomarkers of liver function or cellular oxidative stress are associated with peripheral blood mononuclear cell inflammatory cytokine responses to V. vulnificus. Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha elicited in response to V. vulnificus and measured in cell supernatants were not associated with the liver biomarkers aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or the AST/ALT ratio. In contrast, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were associated with the release of all four cytokines (IL-1 beta [R(2) = 0.382; P = 0.006], IL-6 [R(2) = 0.393; P = 0.005], IL-8 [R(2) = 0.487; P = 0.001], and TNF-alpha [R(2) = 0.292; P = 0.021]). Those individuals with below-normal GSH levels produced significantly less proinflammatory cytokines in response to V. vulnificus. We hypothesize that persons with markers for cellular oxidative stress have increased susceptibility to V. vulnificus septicemia.