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121.
Mathematical modeling of transmission dynamics of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV has considerably advanced HIV research by highlighting the importance of certain types of partnerships in epidemic spread. Notably, concurrent partnerships, defined as a sexual partnership in which one or more of the partnership members have other sexual partners while continuing sexual activity with the original partner, have been shown to play a fundamental role in potentiating the spread of STIs and HIV. Risk behaviors such as concurrency and sex without condoms as well as STI/HIV prevalence vary with physical, social, and emotional factors within partnerships. The efficiency of STI/HIV transmission appears to vary across types of concurrent partnerships according to the differing dynamics within them. Previous research on partnership dynamics has improved our understanding of the multidimensional aspects of sexual partnering, but little is understood of how these aspects of sexual partnering interact and increase risks for HIV, nor how types of partnerships, partnership dynamics, and concurrency work together to affect both the behavior of condom use and the biological transmission of disease. In this article, we discuss the need to extend our understanding of concurrency to include partnerships among men who have sex with men (MSM) and to differentiate between types of partnerships and to develop interventions to modify risk within partnerships. We also introduce a conceptual framework that reflects how individual and partner characteristics influence partnership dynamics that in turn influence risk behaviors, such as concurrency and not using condoms, and associated risks for STIs and HIV. 相似文献
122.
Nelson Wolosker Guilherme Yazbek José Ribas Milanez de Campos Paulo Kauffman Augusto Ishy Pedro Puech-Leão 《Clinical autonomic research》2007,17(3):172-176
Background Sympathectomy is the treatment of choice for primary hyperhidrosis. One curious occurrence that is difficult to explain from
an anatomophysiological point of view in cases of video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy (VATS) for the treatment of palmar
hyperhidrosis (PH) is the observed improvement in plantar hyperhidrosis (PLH). Nevertheless, current reports on VATS rarely
describe the effect on PLH or just give superficial data. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate, how surgery
affects PLH in patients with PH and PLH over one-year period.
Methods From May 2003 to January 2004, 70 consecutive patients with combined PH and PLH underwent VATS at the T2, T3, or T4 ganglion
level (47 women and 23 men, with mean age of 23 years).
Results Immediately after the operation, all the patients said they were free from PH episodes, except for two patients (2.8%) who
suffered from continued PH. Compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH) of various degrees was observed in 58 (90.6%) patients after one
year. Only 13 (20.3%) suffered from severe CH. There was a great initial improvement in PLH in 50% of the cases, followed
by progressive regression, such that only 23.4% still presented that improvement after one year. The number of cases without
overall improvement increased progressively (from 17.1% to 37.5%) and the numbers with slight improvement remained stable
(32.9–39.1%). Of the 24 patients with no improvement after one year, 6 patients graded plantar sweating worse.
Conclusion Patients with PH and PLH who undergo VATS to treat their PH present a good initial improvement in PLH that reduces to a lower
level of improvement after the one-year period. 相似文献
123.
Cholecystokinin (CCK )isa polypeptidehor monecontaining 33aminoacidsresiduewithgastroin testinal,biliarandbrainactivities Itiswidelydis tributedinthevertebratecentralnervoussystem ,anditcanstimulateextensivelytheliberationofinsulinandglucagonfromtheLangerhansislets GreateffortshavebeendevotedtothesynthesisofCCK 8,itsderivativesandanalogues Amongthedifferentmethods ,theenzymaticmethodisthemosteffectiveonewithmanyadvantagesoverconventionalchemicalmethodologies :enzymespecificitysuppress essid… 相似文献
124.
Epiploic appendagitis and omental infarction are benign self-limiting conditions that are more frequent than generally assumed.
Both disorders frequently mimic symptoms of an abdominal surgical emergency, often leading to clinical misdiagnosis of appendicitis
or diverticulitis. Because a misdiagnosis can result in an unnecessary laparotomy, a correct diagnosis is of great importance.
Ultrasound and computed tomography can be used to make a reliable diagnosis. This pictorial essay illustrates the various
ultrasonographic and computed tomographic appearances of epiploic appendagitis and omental infarction and focuses on their
radiologic differential diagnoses and pitfalls.
Received: 22 February 2001/Accepted: 18 April 2001 相似文献
125.
Background: Although managed care organizations (MCOs) may be optimal settings for implementing tobacco use cessation clinical guidelines,
such guidelines remain poorly implemented in many MCO settings.Purpose: We examined issues related to the implementation of guidelines in MCOs, to provide examples of studies that have addressed
issues related to guideline implementation and to suggest ways behavioral medicine researchers can play a role in examining
issues of how guidelines can be better implemented.Methods: Surveys of clinical guideline implementation, studies from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation addressing tobacco use cessation
in a managed care database, selected to illustrate issues related to system-wide implementation.Results: Surveys show that effective tobacco use cessation interventions remain underutilized in MCOs. A few studies have evaluated
and shown the benefit of insurance coverage for tobacco use and dependence treatments, clinician reimbursement and leadership
incentives, practice feedback, and leveraging administrative data to create tobacco use tracking systems. The studies also
point to the need for large-scale, multidisciplinary, methodologically rigorous studies that allow one to isolate the effects
of promising strategies as well as to explore synergistic effects as different system changes are combined.Conclusions: Tobacco use cessation guidelines need to be better implemented in MCOs. Behavioral medicine research needs to move beyond
treatment efficacy and effectiveness studies to focus on rigorous evaluations of these and other strategies to enhance guideline
implementation and dissemination.
This research was supported by grants from the Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (Taylor) and from the Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation (Taylor and Curry). 相似文献
126.
Daniel I. Sessler 《Journal canadien d'anesthésie》2003,50(7):635-637
Question
In postoperative non-ventilated patients, what is the efficacy and harm of pharmacological interventions in treating postoperative shivering? 相似文献127.
128.
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130.