This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and determinants of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among university students in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 614 students from five universities in central Bangladesh. Data were collected on demographic information, immunization history, medical and blood transfusion history through the face-to-face interview. Blood samples were collected and screened for anti-HBsAg using ELISA, HBsAg Rapid Test-cassette, and immune chromatographic test. The overall seroprevalence of HBV infection was 5.0%, and vaccination coverage was 19.2% among the participants. Students having a history of surgery (OR 11.004, 95% CI 3.211–37.707), blood transfusion (OR 5.651, 95% CI 0.965–33.068), being married (OR 4.776, 95% CI 1.508–15.127), and not being vaccinated (OR 9.825, 95% CI 1.130–85.367) were at higher risk of being infected by HBV. This study showed the endemicity of HBV infection among the Bangladeshi population. Marriage, surgical or blood transfusion history, not being vaccinated were the determinants of HBV infection within the study population. Public health initiatives for preventing HBV infection at the university levels should be envisaged.
ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of the use of contraceptives among female Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh and its associated factors.MethodsWe conducted our cross-sectional survey at the Kutupalong refugee facility located in Cox’s Bazar in November 2019. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression models to determine the association between the use of contraceptives and our various predictor variables, including women’s age, age at first marriage, education level and employment status. We also considered factors such as whether previous pregnancies were planned or unplanned, and the occurrence of non-consensual sex with husbands.FindingsWe found that 50.91% (251/493) of the survey participants used contraceptives, and that injection (169/251; 67.33%) and oral contraceptives (75/251; 29.88%) were the predominant modes. Of the women who did not use contraceptives, the main reasons were reported as disapproval by husbands (118/242; 48.76%), actively seeking a pregnancy (42/242; 17.36%) and religious beliefs (37/242; 15.29%). An increased likelihood of using contraceptives was found to be positively associated with women’s employment outside their households (odds ratio, OR: 3.11; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.69–6.11) and the presence of a health-care centre in the camp (OR: 3.92; 95% CI: 2.01–7.67). Women who reported an unplanned pregnancy during the previous 2 years were less likely to use contraceptives (OR: 0.02; 95% CI: 0.01–0.05).ConclusionTo increase the acceptance and use of contraceptives, we recommend programmes targeted at women of reproductive age and their husbands, religious and community leaders, and providers of family planning and child and maternal health-care services. 相似文献
The results of analysis of auditory brain- stem evoked responses (ABRS) are reported in 173 patients with delayed speech (DS).
The mean age of the patients is 4.6 years (age ranges from 1.4 years to 10 years). The patients were classified into 5 groups
based on ABR findings:
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Group I (62 patients) had normal hearing threshold and peak- interpeak latencies. The mean amplitude of wave I was however,
not significantly low (p < 0.03).
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Group II (27 patients) had an increased hearing threshold (40 dB), mild delay in the mean absolute peak latency of wave I
(p < 0.03), decreased I– IV interval (p < 0.03), but highly significant reduction of wave I amplitude (p < 0.004). There is
also a significant latency delay (p < 0.001) and amplitude reduction (p < 0.05), when this wave is compared with that a Group
I (as control). These observations are suggestive of mild degree of peripheral hearing deficit in this group.
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Group III (49 patients) had gross ABR abnormalities of various nature and hence may be sub- grouped into (a) SNHL cochlear
type (55%) (b) SNHL retrocochlear type (4%) and (c) severed degree of SNHL undecisive group (41%). Ten patients (2.7%) among
the sub- group (a) had unilateral hearing loss and another 3 had Down’s syndrome.
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Group IV (conductive deafness) had an increased hearing threshold and shifting of ABR waves towards right with normal I– V
interval. Only 6 patients were found in this group. It may be that conductive deafness is less important as a cause.
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Group V (29 patients) had no responses at repeated ABR studies even at higher intensity of 95 dB, the ABR studies of this
group correlates with the clinical evaluation of profound deafness. The delayed speech development in 84 patients (from Groups
III, IV and V) may be caused by severe degree of hearing deficit as indicated by marked ABR abnormalities. If the mild peripheral
hearing loss in Group II is added to the above groups, ABRs could identify 64.6% of our patients with hearing deficit. Hence,
ABR test is most reliable and sensitive diagnostic test in detecting hearing loss, a common cause of delayed speech development
in children.
Mothers are often responsible for preparing nutritious foods in their households. However, the quality of mother's diets is often neglected, which may affect both mother's and child's nutrition. Because no single food contains all necessary nutrients, diversity in dietary sources is needed to ensure a quality diet. We aimed to study the association between mother's dietary diversity and stunting in children <2 years attending Dhaka Hospital of icddr,b, a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A case–control study (n = 296) was conducted from November 2016 to February 2017. Data were collected from mothers of stunted children <2 years (length‐for‐age z score [LAZ] < ?2) as “cases” and nonstunted (LAZ ≥ ?1) children <2 years as “controls.” Mothers were asked to recall consumption of 10 defined food groups 24 hr prior to the interview as per Guidelines for Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women. Among the mothers of cases, 58% consumed <5 food groups during the last 24 hr, compared with 45% in control mothers (P = 0.03). Children whose mothers consumed <5 food groups were 1.7 times more likely to be stunted than children whose mothers consumed ≥5 food groups (P = 0.04). Intake of food groups such as pulses, dairy, eggs, and vitamin A rich fruit was higher in control mothers. Proportion of mother's illiteracy, short stature, monthly family income <BDT 11,480, absence of bank account, and poor sanitation was also found to be higher in stunted group. Further study particularly intervention or longitudinal study to see the causality of mother's dietary diversity with child stunting is recommended. 相似文献
In recent times engineered nanoparticles have been receiving much attention from researchers due to their extensive use in a variety of chemical, biological, and industrial areas. Their physiochemical properties have led to a number of uses in commercial products. Considering their broad applications, with increasing human contact the risks of exposure are also increasing. In vivo toxicity experiments involving administering nanoparticles to living organisms have shown their adverse effects on organ development and reproduction. Nanoparticles can be considerably more toxic than the large-sized particles since they can move relatively freely compared to bulkier molecules. Henceforth, it is our duty to assess the harmful health consequences associated with human exposure to nanoparticles in order to improve safe production and use. We will review the current applications of nanoparticles, and issues related to their toxicity. We will focus on safety regulations, risk assessment and regulatory guidelines of nanoparticles. The validation and standardization of nanotoxicity tests will further promote safe applications of nanotechnology in our daily lives. 相似文献
The effects of Duranta repens fruits were investigated on H2O2 induced oxidative cell death to evaluate its antioxidative potential in vitro. HEK293T cells were treated with different concentrations [0–1000 µg/ ml] of ethanol extract (E-Ex) and methanol extract (M-Ex) of D. repens for 24h, and then treated with 100 µM H2O2 for 24h. Cell viability, antioxidant parameters of cells, and antioxidant constituents of the extracts were determined. Treatment with limited dose of E-Ex or M-Ex increased the survival rate of H2O2-treated HEK293T cells, however the extra-high dose showed growth inhibitory effect. Treatment with E-Ex or M-Ex protected cellular lipid per-oxidation. In vitro analyses showed the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and H2O2 scavenging activities as well as reducing potential of the extracts. We report here that the limited dose of E-Ex and M-Ex possess antioxidative potential, which can protect H2O2-induced oxidative cell damage. 相似文献