Postexercise rehydration in man: The effects of osmolality and carbohydrate content of ingested drinks

ObjectiveThis study investigated the effect of the osmolality and carbohydrate content of drinks on their rehydration effectiveness after exercise-induced dehydration.MethodsSix healthy male volunteers were dehydrated by 1.9 ± 0.1% of body mass by intermittent cycle ergometer exercise in the heat before ingesting one of three solutions with different carbohydrate contents and osmolalities over a period of 1 h. Thirty minutes after the cessation of exercise, subjects drank a volume that amounted to 150% (130–150, median [range]) of their body mass loss. Drinks contained 25 mmol/L Na⁺ and 0%, 2%, or 10% glucose with osmolalities of (mean ± SD) 79 ± 4, 193 ± 5, and 667 ± 12 mosm/kg, respectively. Blood and urine samples were collected before exercise, after exercise, and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h after the end of the rehydration period.ResultsSignificantly more of the ingested fluid was retained in the 10% trial (46 ± 9%) than in the 0% trial (27 ± 13%), with 40 ± 14% retained in the 2% trial. Subjects remained euhydrated for 1 h longer in the 10% glucose trial than in the 2% glucose trial. In the 2% glucose trial, plasma volume was elevated immediately after and 1 h after rehydration.ConclusionThis study suggests that, following the rehydration protocol used, hypertonic glucose-sodium drinks may be more effective at restoring and maintaining hydration status after sweat loss than more dilute solutions when the sodium concentration is comparable.     

Parathyroid adenomas evaluated by Tl-201/Tc-99m pertechnetate subtraction scintigraphy and high-resolution ultrasonography

Thallium-201/technetium-99m pertechnetate subtraction scintigraphy of the parathyroid glands was performed in a prospective study of 33 patients who had undergone bilateral neck exploration for elevated serum calcium and serum parathyroid hormone levels. In 31 cases, the Tl-201/Tc-99m subtraction technique yielded an overall sensitivity of 81%, specificity of 99%, and accuracy of 94% for identifying solitary parathyroid adenomas. Tl-201/Tc-99m subtraction scintigraphy correctly identified 73% of parathyroid adenomas weighing less than 499 mg, 79% of those weighing 500-1,499 mg, and 100% of adenomas weighing more than 1,500 mg. In a subgroup of 24 patients with solitary parathyroid adenomas who underwent both scintigraphy and high-resolution sonography, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of both procedures were similar.     

Understandings of prenatal nutrition among Argentine women

Maternal nutrition is an important determinant of birth outcome and infant health. In this study, we sought to identify the current knowledge of prenatal nutrition among women in Tucumán, Argentina, to examine the extent to which knowledge was implemented and to identify opportunities for improvement in prenatal care and education. We conducted in-depth interviews with 10 women about their eating habits during pregnancy, prenatal nutrition education and knowledge, and attitudes about nutrition and pregnancy. Four major themes were identified: incomplete knowledge or practice, lack of comprehension, cultural beliefs, and noncompliance with medical advice. Suggested interventions are discussed.     

Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis: Mass Drug Administration in Endemic Areas of (Bidar District) Karnataka-2008

Background:

Lymphatic Filariasis is a mosquito transmitted disease, caused by parasitic worm Wuchereria bancrofti. Global Programme for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis was established in early 2000. The strategy recommended by the World Health Organization is annual Mass Drug Administration (MDA) of single-dose of Diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg (DEC), distributed to inhabitants of Filariasis endemic areas, excluding children below 2 years of age, pregnant women, and seriously ill persons, and Morbidity Management. The health system distributes the drugs by a door-to-door strategy.

Objective:

To assess the coverage and compliance of MDA in Bidar district during the campaign in November 2008.

Materials and Methods:

Cross-sectional population-based house-to-house visit. Outcome is assessed as actual coverage and compliance, in Percentage and proportions.

Results:

Eight clusters, total eligible population of 1 131 individuals were interviewed. The coverage rate was 78% with variation across different areas. The compliance with drug ingestion was 68%.

Conclusion:

The effective coverage was below the target (85%). Side effects of DEC were minimum, the overall coverage was better in rural areas compared with urban areas.     

Hydration,water intake and beverage consumption habits among adults

Total water intake is seldom reported in dietary surveys and hydration status is rarely measured. Although adequate intake (AI) levels have been suggested by the European Food Safety Authority, the World Health Organization and the Institute of Medicine, uncertainties and confused messages abound regarding optimum intake. This paper reviews data on water intake internationally and examines associations with beverage consumption habits of adults in the UK, as determined from secondary analysis of individual diet records. On average, total water intake among British adults was equivalent to the European AI (2 l/day for women, 2.5 l/day for men) and 75% of this was derived from beverages. Factors that correlated with high total water intake included the consumption of a variety of beverages and drinking in the evening. Total water intake (and the contribution from soft drinks) is markedly higher in the USA than in Europe. Beverage consumption habits and trends were also reviewed. In the past 10 years, water beverages have become more popular and as such the overall energy contribution from beverages has declined slightly. Most people could be encouraged to drink a variety of beverages to maintain adequate hydration and to balance the energy content according to their needs. However, further work is needed to refine recommendations for water intake, as basing these on observational epidemiological data is essentially a circular argument. A standardized measurement tool, validated against biomarkers of hydration status, would be a step forward in assessing the adequacy of water intakes at a population level. Research may also be warranted to explore the context of drinking occasions (including time of day, weekdays weekends, lifestyle and meal patterns) as these may have an impact on water intake, hydration and also energy balance.