Recent trends in radiation therapy for pediatric cancer

A recent strategy in the treatment of pediatric cancer is the "total cell kill", in which the main part of therapy depends on intensive, aggressive chemotherapy with or without bone marrow transplantation. Radiotherapy, like surgery, plays a role in local treatment. Recent progress in therapy has permitted cures even of patients with advanced cancer. Disease-free patients should have the same quality of life as that of healthy children of the same sex and age. Therefore, both saving the patient's life and providing him or her with a good quality of life are important in treatment policy. To obtain these goals, radiation therapy has been included in combined multi-modality therapy for the management of pediatric cancer. Other important concerns are to reduce the radiation dose and determine the timing of radiation therapy.     

Finger bougie method compared with pyloroplasty in the gastric replacement of the esophagus

To elucidate the necessity of pyloroplasty for the gastric tube through the posterior mediastinum in esophageal surgery, gastric emptying and duodenogastric reflux (DGR) were evaluated in 16 cases undergoing an anterior pylorectomy (group P) and in 16 cases treated by the finger bougie method (group F). First, the obstruction and reflux symptoms were examined based on a patient questionnaire using a brief scoring system. The median value of the symptom score showed the patients in P to have more symptoms than those in F; however, the difference was not significant (8.0 vs 6.0). Secondly, the swallowed Tc O₄ ⁻ (85 MBq) was counted using a gamma camera at three sites on the sternal bone in the upright position based on a gastric transit scintigram. Both the descending time of the RI peak and the clearance rates were similar between the two groups. Thirdly, intragastric 24-h pH monitoring was carried out. Antimony pH sensors were anchored 5 and 15 cm below the esophagogastrostomy. We could not find any difference between the two groups in both the % time pH>4 and %time pH>7. These findings thus revealed no big difference between groups P and F. The finger bougie method to drain the vagotomized posterior mediastinal stomach was found to achieve results similar to conventional pyloroplasty, while it was also simpler and safer.     

Longitudinal association of vascular and Alzheimer's dementias, diabetes, and glucose tolerance

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between impaired glucose tolerance and both vascular dementia and AD. BACKGROUND: Diabetes and abnormalities of glucose metabolism have been associated with stroke and poor cognitive function. In addition, glycoproteins and glycosylation have been postulated to be associated with the development of neuritic plaques characteristic of AD. METHODS: A historical prospective cohort study of Japanese-American men (n = 3,774), who were examined at ages 45 to 68 (1965 through 1968) and again at ages 71 to 93 (1991 through 1993). Measurements were obtained by clinical and home examinations: assessment of glucose intolerance (nonfasting 1 hour after glucose load) from 1965 through 1968 and history of diabetes diagnosed by a physician at examinations given from 1965 through 1968 and from 1976 through 1978. At the 1991 through 1993 examinations, the Cognitive Assessment Screening Instrument (CASI)-an instrument designed for use in cross-cultural settings combining features of the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination, the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Hasegawa Dementia Screening Scale-was used. Diagnosis and classification of AD and vascular dementia were made by a consensus panel using neuropsychologic assessment data, a neurologist's evaluation, and information from a family informant. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., revised criteria were used to establish dementia, and subclassification by cause was based on other published criteria. RESULTS: No association between AD and diabetes, present either 25 or 15 years previously, was found after adjustment for age and education in a multiple regression model. A significant association was found between impaired glucose tolerance at baseline and vascular dementia (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm expected relationships between impaired glucose tolerance and stroke-related dementia but do not support an association of disordered glucose metabolism with AD.     

22-Oxacalcitriol ameliorates high-turnover bone and marked osteitis fibrosa in rats with slowly progressive nephritis

22-Oxacalcitriol ameliorates high-turnover bone and marked osteitis fibrosa in rats with slowly progressive nephritis. BACKGROUND: 22-Oxacalcitriol (OCT) is a unique vitamin D analogue with less calcemic activity than calcitriol, and it effectively suppresses parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in uremic rats. This study was performed to examine the long-term effect of intravenously administered OCT on high-turnover bone disease in model rats of slowly progressive renal failure. METHODS: Slowly progressive renal failure rats were made by a single injection of glycopeptide isolated from rat renal cortical tissues. At 250 days, glycopeptide-induced nephritis (GN) rats were divided into three groups with the same levels of serum creatinine and PTH, and they received either OCT (0.03 or 0.15 microg/kg body wt) or vehicle given intravenously three times per week for 15 weeks. RESULTS: Renal function of GN rats deteriorated very slowly but progressively, as assessed by the increase of serum creatinine concentration. At sacrifice, serum PTH levels, bone formation markers, bone resorption markers, and fibrosis volume were significantly elevated in vehicle-treated GN rats compared with those of sham-operated rats, suggesting the development of high-turnover bone disease with osteitis fibrosa. In contrast, in the GN-OCT 0.15 microg/kg group, these high PTH levels and high-turnover bone and fibrosis were significantly decreased. Such amelioration of bone abnormalities by OCT was not accompanied by either hypercalcemia or further deterioration of renal function. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that OCT may be a useful and safe agent not only for the suppression of PTH, but also for the amelioration of osteitis fibrosa and high-turnover bone without causing hypercalcemia in chronic dialysis patients.     

Neurovascular developmental interaction: a specific form of vascular maldevelopment in the malformed brain

The process of the development of the intracranial vessels was studied by means of immunohistochemical analysis of factor VIII in normal and exencephalic chick fetuses. The results revealed that the development of blood vessels in exencephalic brain was far advanced beyond the norm, with intense immunoreactivity to factor VIII on postincubation day 16 exceeding that on day 21 in normal controls. Compared with results regarding the direction of the overgrowth in the neuronal maturation process in the previous study using the chick exencephaly model, the findings of overmatured blood vessels were compatible with NSE- and somatostatin-positive elements that appeared especially in the overgrowth foci. The results of the present study suggested the pathogenic development of the area cerebrovasculosa in the neural placode as a phenomenon consequent upon hypervascularization in response to neuronal overgrowth, as seen in human cases of exencephaly or anencephaly. We emphasize the significance of this specific phenomenon in the development of the fetal central nervous system, namely neurovascular developmental interaction.     

Immunohistochemical study of crooke’s hyaline change

Crooke’s hyaline change of the human pituitary gland appears as an intracytoplasmic accumulation of fine filaments under electron microscopy. This study was attempted to identify the fine filaments by immunohistochemical methods. Twenty-eight postmortem, formalin-fixed or chrome-alum-fixed, paraffin-embedded pituitary glands revealing unequivocal Crooke’s hyaline change on hematoxylin and eosin stain were selected for this study. To demonstrate Crooke’s cells and fine filaments simultaneously, mirror image sections were sliced and stained with the following monoclonal antibodies using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method: an antibody against synthesized adrenocorticotropic hormone 1–24, human cytokeratins (55–57 kilodalton [kd] and 68 kd), porcine vimentin (57 kd), porcine desmin (53 kd), bovine neurofilaments (70, 160, and 210 kd), human glial fibrilfary acidic protein (GFAP) (56 kd), and chicken actin. Crooke’s cells showed a variable intensity of cytoplasmic staining for 55- to 57-kd cytokeratins, from focal to more even and intense staining revealing a characteristic wide brown ring around the nucleus or beneath the cell membrane. The most severely affected cells were totally replaced by dark brown reaction products with no secretory granules detectable in the cytoplasm. However, 68-kd cytokeratin could not be unequivocally demonstrated. Crooke’s cells were all negative for vimentin, desmin, neurofilaments, GFAP, and actin. Thus far, it could be concluded that Crooke’s hyaline change was composed of intermediate-subunit molecular weight cytokeratins that are normal constituents of the ACTH cell.     

Comparative study on the cardio-respiratory change during prostaglandin E1-induced hypotension in the patients in the supine and prone position

Prostaglandin E₁-induced hypotension (25% reduction from the preadministration level in mean arterial pressure) was applied to thirteen patients. Eight patients among them were operated in the supine position (group I) and other five in the prone position (group II). The maintenance dose of PGE₁ was considerably lower in group II than in group I (0.067µg·kg^–1·min^–1 vs. 0.119µg·kg^–1·min^–1). In group I, there was a significant increase in CI, with a significant decrease in SVRI and PVRI during PGE₁-induced hypotension. Such a high dose of PGE₁ (0.119µg·kg^–1·min^–1) was considered to have a direct dilating action on the systemic resistance bed as well as on the pulmonary vasculature. It was considered that the suppression of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction could be a mechanism to increase venous admixture during PGE₁-induced hypotension. In group II, there was no significant increase in CI, and no significant decrease in SVRI and PVRI. PGE₁-induced hypotension can be safely applied to the anesthetized patients, but we should be careful to apply it to the patients in the prone position, because lower dose of PGE₁ can induce severe hypotension, which is not accompanied by the increase in CI as occures in the patients in the supine position.(Hirose M, Yoda K, Sakai K, et al.: Comparative Study on the cardio-respiratory change during prostaglandin E₁-induced hypotention in the patients in the supine and prone position. J Anesth 5: 30–35, 1991)     

Use of YAG laser combined with mucosal suturing for the treatment of polypoid vocal cord]

To improve low-pitched voices in cases with polypoid vocal cords, YAG laser irradiation combined with a mucosal suturing technique was attempted in 9 female cases with severe polypoid changes in their vocal cords. A YAG laser beam (5 to 10 W) was used to irradiate the upper surface of the polypoid vocal cord. The polypoid content of the cord was gradually coagulated, and the free edge of the cord appeared to slide up toward the burned area. The polypoid content was then removed and squeezed through an open wound made in the burned area using a conventional method. Bleeding was successfully controlled using the laser. After the excessive mucosal margin was trimmed and the contour of the vocal cord was adjusted, the wound was closed by 7-0 monofilament absorbable suture. Suturing was relatively easy because the mucosal edge was also coagulated. Postoperative evaluations of voice quality revealed an improvement in the GRBAS scale of voice quality as well as an elevation in voice pitch and an upwards shift in the voice range in all cases.