Salmonella typhimurium andSalmonella enteritidis: Changing epidemiology from 1973 until 1992

A retrospective analysis, covering a period of 20 years, of 2049 primo-isolates ofSalmonella typhimurium and 343 primo-isolates ofSalmonella enteritidis was performed at our laboratory. In 1991,S. enteritidis (43.8%) outnumberedS. typhimurium (32.1%) as the most frequently isolated Salmonella. The age group distribution ofS. enteritidis yielded peaks in the under-five and above-60 year age groups, whereasS. typhimurium only peaked in the under-five age group.S. enteritidis appeared to be twice as invasive asS. typhimurium. Both serotypes were more invasive in middle and older age groups than in under-fives.     

Comparison of microsurgical vasovasostomy techniques in the rat

We compared three different microsurgical vasovasostomy techniques on the rat vas deferens using absorbable and non-absorbable sutures and a fibrin adhesive technique. The best method was an extramucosal technique over a splint using vicryl. The worst results were seen using adhesive.     

A simple dual pressure-ejection system and calibration method for brief local applications of drugs and modified salines

We report a minimal method for dual pressure ejection through a single micropipette, which uses standard theta-type glass tubing and a connection through thinned polythene catheters without any sealing. We also describe a simple calibration method using a standard electrometer. The linearity of the ejected volume with respect to pulse duration and to applied pressure was maintained, as measured by the resistivity of ultrapure water after ejection of a saline solution. The method was used to analyse the inhibitory effect of glutamate on crayfish motoneurones with local and reversible applications of low-chloride saline and picrotoxin.     

Serologic evidence for human ehrlichiosis in Africa

Human ehrlichiosis is a recently recognized rickettsial disease. It is caused byEhrlichia chaffeensis, an intraleucocytic Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium, grouped within the genusEhrlichiae. Most human cases of ehrlichiosis have been diagnosed in the USA. Two cases have been reported outside of the USA, one in Europe and one in Africa. From 1 January to 30 June 1992, 765 sera from blood donors or other asymptomatic subjects in 8 African countries, including Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Mali, Central African Republic, Angola, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Commores Islands, were tested by indirect immunofluorescence for the presence ofE. chaffeensis antibodies. Positive sera were confirmed by Western immunoblotting. Only two of 765 sera tested were positive. One serum obtained from Burkina Faso had an IgG titer of 1:200 and one from Mozambique had an IgG titer of 1:80. Human ehrlichiosis seems to occur infrequently in Africa, although many more sera from additional African countries need to be evaluated.     

Obesity in youth and middle age and risk of colorectal cancer in men

To investigate an association between colon cancer and obesity during early adulthood—a potentially important period in the etiology of this disease—the authors assembled, by computer linkage, a population-based historical cohort of 52,539 men born between 1913 and 1927 residing in Hawaii (USA), for whom weight and height had been recorded in 1942–43 and 1972. Linkage of this cohort to the Hawaii Tumor Registry resulted in the identification of 737 incident cases of colorectal cancer for 1972–86. An average of 3.8 cancer-free controls were matched to each case on month and year of birth and ethnicity of the parents. A case-control analysis in each anatomic subsite of the large bowel revealed that both early and middle-age body mass increased the risk of sigmoid cancer in men in a dose-dependent fashion. The odds ratios (OR) for sigmoid cancer for the highest compared with the lowest tertiles of Quetelet index were: 2.1 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.4–3.2) and 1.7 (CI=1.1–2.5), at ages 15–29 and in prediagnostic years, respectively. These associations were additive and idependent of socioeconomic status. Men who were above the median Quetelet index in 1942 and 1972 had an OR of 2.7 (CI=1.8–4.0), compared with those who were below the median in both periods. This study provides further evidence for an association of obesity with colon cancer in men and suggests that this association is limited to the sigmoid colon and may be related to both early and late events of colon carcinogenesis.The authors are with the Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii. Address correspondence to Dr Le Marchand, Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, 1236 Lauhala Street, Suite 407, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. This work was supported in part by Public Health Service grant 5-R29-CA44503 and contract NO1-CN-55424 from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services.     

Orbital and muscular relapse of Burkitt's lymphoma

We report the case of a child presenting with abdominal Burkitt's lymphoma in whom a relapse presented as orbital and muscle involvement. This clinical feature is extremely rare. Two muscle and one orbital biopsies were necessary to obtain proper diagnosis. A new extension check-up showed bone marrow invasion and normal cerebrospinal fluid. This relapse was successfully treated by conventional chemotherapy and consolidated with high-dose chemotherapy, total body irradiation and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Eighteen months after transplantation, the child may be considered as definitively cured.     

The role of condylectomy in the treatment of mandibular laterognathism in children

In 7 cases of mandibular laterognathia caused by condylar hypertrophy, the authors specify the clinical and teleradiological features in adolescents. They emphasize the inadequacy of lateral teleradiography and of its measurements, and the need for three-dimensional investigation. In adolescents, secondary deformations, either spontaneous or therapeutic, are rare, and the treatment preferred is condylectomy based on the study of casts. The immediate results of this techniques are satisfactory. The long-term consequences on growth and temporomandibular pathology have been studied.     

Resolution of otitis media with effusion with the use of a stepped treatment regimen of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and prednisone

This double blind, placebo-controlled trial was designed to determine whether intervention with a stepped regimen of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and prednisone would prevent high risk children from developing chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) and recurrent acute otitis media. Forty-two children were enrolled, assigned to treatment with active drug or placebo and then examined at 2-week intervals. They received TMP-SMX (or placebo) during the first 2 weeks, TMP-SMX and prednisone (or placebo) during Weeks 3 and 4 for persistent OME and TMP-SMX (or placebo) for Weeks 5 and 6 if OME was still unresolved. After treatment 48% of active drug and 14% of placebo subjects resolved OME bilaterally (P less than 0.05). Active drug subjects also had fewer acute otitis media episodes than placebo subjects while receiving study treatment (P less than 0.01). Although this treatment regimen produced short term OME resolution, long term benefits were not demonstrated.     

角膜移植术护理探讨

以１５例角膜移植术的护理实践，总结出该手术的护理常规，并对本组病例中发生的并发症的护理进行了讨论，强调护士密切观察病情，有效地处理并嫌下对手术成功的重要性。