Lower Education Level Is a Major Risk Factor for Peritonitis Incidence in Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study with 12-Year Follow-Up

♦ Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis remains an important complication in PD patients, potentially causing technique failure and influencing patient outcome. To date, no comprehensive study in the Taiwanese PD population has used a time-dependent statistical method to analyze the factors associated with PD-related peritonitis.♦ Methods: Our single-center retrospective cohort study, conducted in southern Taiwan between February 1999 and July 2010, used time-dependent statistical methods to analyze the factors associated with PD-related peritonitis.♦ Results: The study recruited 404 PD patients for analysis, 150 of whom experienced at least 1 episode of peritonitis during the follow-up period. The incidence rate of peritonitis was highest during the first 6 months after PD start. A comparison of patients in the two groups (peritonitis vs null-peritonitis) by univariate analysis showed that the peritonitis group included fewer men (p = 0.048) and more patients of older age (≥65 years, p = 0.049). In addition, patients who had never received compulsory education showed a statistically higher incidence of PD-related peritonitis in the univariate analysis (p = 0.04). A proportional hazards model identified education level (less than elementary school vs any higher education level) as having an independent association with PD-related peritonitis [hazard ratio (HR): 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01 to 2.06; p = 0.045). Comorbidities measured using the Charlson comorbidity index (score >2 vs ≤2) showed borderline statistical significance (HR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.00 to 2.13; p = 0.053).♦ Conclusions: A lower education level is a major risk factor for PD-related peritonitis independent of age, sex, hypoalbuminemia, and comorbidities. Our study emphasizes that a comprehensive PD education program is crucial for PD patients with a lower education level.     

Immunotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis with monoclonal antibodies

Rapid and precise immunotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis was achieved by testing whole organisms (elementary bodies) in the microimmunofluorescence test with monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies were produced with standard techniques by using an immunization schedule that encouraged the development of immunotype-specific antibodies. Fifteen monotypic or multitypic (subspecies) monoclonal antibodies were chosen for use in a two-step typing system that required strains of C. trachomatis to be tested against six to eight monoclonal antibodies for classification. Immunotyping with monoclonal antibodies was studied by testing 313 strains, typed with the previous method that utilized immunized mouse antisera, that represented each of the 15 established serovars. The two-step monoclonal antibody method resulted in a classification similar to the current one. Only one strain typed differently with the two methods. With the monoclonal antibody method, available lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) serovars L1 and L3 could not be differentiated from trachoma serovars E and G, respectively, unless the strains had been identified as LGV. Monoclonal antibody typing was simpler to perform and more precise; it allowed easy differentiation between closely related serovars. Three new types were discovered among the strains previously classified as serovars D, I, and L2. These are tentatively being considered subtypes and are labeled D', I', and L2'.     

The origins of surgery: 1. From prehistory to Renaissance*

The art, craft and science of surgery is a highly interpersonal skill, central to a variety of traditions and cultures throughout human history. The development of surgery parallels the evolution of the human race from prehistory to the present time. This review attempts to examine the changing concepts and practices in surgery from the earliest era, enshrouded in mysticism and magic, through a manual craft performed by barbers and artisans, to a dignified profession based on science and technology. The evolution of surgery in the previous millennia is reviewed against the culture and morals, the politics and religion, and the philosophy and science of its period; in so doing assessing its perspective on the threshold of a new millennium.      

One-stage reconstruction of large midline abdominal wall defects using a composite free anterolateral thigh flap with vascularized fascia lata

OBJECTIVE: Large midline abdominal wall defects are continuously a challenge for reconstructive surgeons. Adequate skin coverage and fascia repair of the abdominal wall is necessary for achieving acceptable results. The purpose of this paper is to present a new approach to abdominal wall reconstruction using a free vascularized composite anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap with fascia lata. METHODS: Seven patients with large full-thickness abdominal wall defects were successfully reconstructed by means of a composite ALT flap combined with vascularized fascia lata. The size of the skin islands ranged from 20 to 32 cm in length and 10 to 22 cm in width, and the vascularized fascia lata sheath measured 14 to 28 cm and 8 to 18 cm, respectively. Functional outcome of the abdominal wall strength and donor thigh morbidity were investigated by using a Cybex kinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: All flaps survived. No postoperative ventral hernia occurred except for one mild inguinal incision hernia. Subjectively there were no significant donor site problems. Objective assessment was performed in 4 patients 2 years postoperatively. In the reconstructed abdomen, isokinetic concentric and eccentric measurements of extension/flexion ratios of the abdominal wall strength showed no apparent decrease compared with other references. Functional evaluation of quadriceps femoris muscle contraction forces after free ALT composite flap harvest showed an averaged deficit of 30% as compared with the contralateral legs. However, no difficulties in daily ambulating were reported by the patients. CONCLUSION: The free composite ALT myocutaneous flap with vascularized fascia lata provides an alternative option for a stable repair in complex abdominal wall defects.     

Comparison of the GlideScope® videolaryngoscope and the Macintosh laryngoscope for double-lumen tube intubation

Intubation with a double‐lumen tube is important for achieving one‐lung ventilation and facilitating thoracic surgery. The GlideScope^® videolaryngoscope (Verathon Inc., Bothell, WA, USA) is designed to assist tracheal intubation for patients with a difficult airway. We wished to compare the GlideScope and direct laryngoscopy for double‐lumen tube intubation. Sixty adult patients requiring a double‐lumen tube for thoracic surgery and predicted uncomplicated laryngoscopy were randomly assigned to a direct Macintosh laryngoscopy group (n = 30) or a GlideScope group (n = 30). The mean (SD) duration of intubation was longer in the Macintosh group (62.5 (29.7) s) than in the GlideScope group (45.6 (10.7) s; p = 0.007). There was no difference in the success of the first attempt at intubation (26/30 (87%) and 30/30 (100%) for Macintosh and GlideScope groups, respectively; p = 0.112). The incidence of sore throat and hoarseness was higher in the Macintosh group (18 (60%) and 14 (47%), respectively) than in the GlideScope group (6 (20%) and 4 (13%), respectively; p = 0.003 and 0.004). We conclude that double‐lumen tube intubation in patients with predicted normal laryngoscopy is easier using the GlideScope videolaryngoscope than the Macintosh laryngoscope.     

Anti-PF4/heparin antibodies are associated with arteriovenous fistula thrombosis in non-diabetic hemodialysis patients

Aim  

Anti-platelet factor 4/heparin complex antibodies (anti-PF4/heparin Ab) have been found to cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), a clinical syndrome thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. There is still controversy as to whether the presence of anti-PF4/heparin antibodies in hemodialysis patients augments clot formation in access fistula thrombosis, peripheral artery disease (PAD), and coronary heart disease (CHD).     

Preservation Versus Division of Ilioinguinal Nerve on Open Mesh Repair of Inguinal Hernia: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background

Chronic groin pain after inguinal hernia repair, a serious problem, is caused by entrapment of the ilioinguinal nerve either by mesh or development of fibrosis. Division of the ilioinguinal nerve during hernioplasty has been found to reduce the incidence of chronic groin pain. However, the traditional approach favors preservation of the ilioinguinal nerve during open hernia repair.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared the outcomes of preservation versus division of the ilioinguinal nerve during open mesh repair of inguinal hernia. The primary outcome was the incidence of groin pain; secondary outcomes were numbness and sensory loss.

Results

We reviewed six trials with 1,286 patients. We found no difference between the groups for the incidence of groin pain or numbness at 1, 6, and 12 months after open mesh inguinal repair. The incidence of sensory loss or change was significantly higher in the division group than in the preservation group at 6 months [risk ratio (RR) 1.25; 95?% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.53] and at 12 months (RR 1.55; 95?% CI 1.01–2.37) postoperatively. No significant differences between the groups were noted at any other points in time.

Conclusions

Preservation of the ilioinguinal nerve during open mesh repair of inguinal hernia is associated with a decreased incidence of sensory loss at 6 and 12 months postoperatively compared with that of the division technique. No significant differences were found between the groups for chronic groin pain or numbness.     

PIM-1在前列腺癌组织中的表达及其与PSA的关系

目的:探讨PIM-1蛋白在前列腺癌组织中的表达及其与PSA复发之间的关系。方法:利用免疫组化SP检测68例前列腺癌和37例良性前列腺增生(BPH)组织中PIM-1蛋白的表达。结果:在前列腺癌组织中PIM-1蛋白表达的阳性率为67.65%(46/68);BPH组织中40.54%(15/37),两组表达的差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。PIM-1蛋白表达的阳性率在前列腺癌Gleason分级中6分33.33%(7/21),7分75%(21/28),8～10分94.74%(18/19),组间比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。临床分期中在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期PIM-1蛋白表达率分别为47.62%、53.85%、73.33%、94.74%,36个月随访PSA复发状况采用Kaplan-Meier方法分析,PIM-1蛋白表达与有无复发分别是78.26%(36/46)和45.45%(10/22),差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:前列腺癌中PIM-1蛋白表达与前列腺癌的Gleason分级、临床分期以及PSA复发有密切关系,提示PIM-1基因在前列腺癌演化和进展中有重要作用,可能是前列腺癌的预后指标。