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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha downregulates protein S secretion in human microvascular and umbilical vein endothelial cells but not in the HepG- 2 hepatoma cell line

Protein S deficiency, which is associated with thrombosis, can either be inherited or acquired. Recently, we reported that a decrease in free protein S was observed in 19 of 25 persons with HIV/AIDS. The proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), has been reported to be elevated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and has been shown to induce a procoagulant state on the surface of endothelial cells. We report here that recombinant TNF-alpha (rTNF-alpha) downregulated protein S synthesis in the SV-40T transfected human microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1) model system by approximately 70% and in primary human umbilical vein and dermal microvascular endothelial cell cultures by approximately 50%. Using the HMEC-1 model, Northern blot analysis showed a decrease in protein S RNA at 24 hours that was corroborated by Western blot analysis and enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) quantification. Evidence supporting the specificity of the TNF-alpha effect included the following: (1) TNF- alpha down-regulation of protein S was completely blocked by TNF neutralizing antibody; (2) the effect was transient, and protein S was restored to near normal levels after TNF was removed from cell cultures; (3) an antibody directed to the TNF RI (55-kD receptor) was shown to mimic the action of TNF-alpha on HMEC-1 cells; and (4) other proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and TGF-beta, had no effect on protein S secretion. However, TNF-alpha showed no regulatory control over protein S synthesis in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG-2. We suggest that TNF-alpha downregulation of protein S may be a mechanism for localized procoagulant activity and thrombosis recently reported in some AIDS patients with associated protein S deficiency.     

Säumnis des Arztes bei der Erstellung von Befundberichten

Abstrakt  1. Zu einer gewissenhaften Berufsausübung geh?rt es, Befundberichte in Schwerbehindertenangelegenheiten in angemessener Frist zu erstellen. 2. Auch eine starke berufliche Belastung entbindet den Arzt nicht von der Verpflichtung, dies zeitnah zu tun. 3. Eine Arztpraxis muss – auch was den Schriftverkehr angeht – gut organisiert sein.     

Anforderungen an die Wiedererteilung der Approbation

Abstrakt Bei einem Arzt, der zahlreiche Taten des Abrechnungsbetruges über einen mehrj?hrigen Zeitraum begangen hat, ist ein l?ngerer Reifeprozess für die Wiedererlangung der Zuverl?ssigkeit erforderlich. Dass der Arzt in Zukunft nur noch privat?rztlich t?tig sein will, ist ohne Bedeutung.     

Gebietszugehörigkeit von MRT-Leistungen zum Fachgebiet des Orthopäden

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Erteilung der Approbation als Psychologische Psychotherapeutin für Pädagogin

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