Control of upright standing posture during low-frequency linear oscillation

We examined the effects of anteroposterior movement of a sled on human upright standing. Each of six healthy men stood on the platform of a sled in the dark. The sinusoidal acceleration was provided, from 0.02 to 0.04 G, followed by 0.06 and 0.08 G, at a stroke length from 6 to 10 m and then to 14 m. Low acceleration (0.02 and 0.04 G) induced body sway, pivoting on the ankle joint. High acceleration (0.06 and 0.08 G) increased body sway, but the head-neck joint remained locked upright. The electromyographic recordings of the lower leg muscles revealed continuous tonic EMG activities of the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles at acceleration of 0.02 and 0.04 G, while reciprocal activation was observed at 0.06 and 0.08 G. During head movement, the neck muscles were slightly activated tonically at acceleration of 0.02 and 0.04 G, but they were markedly and tonically activated at 0.06 and 0.08 G. We speculate that the sled oscillation caused body sway in proportion to the acceleration, with the ankle joint playing a principal role. Analysis of neck movement also revealed that the head was held in a fixed upright position, indicating that the vestibulocollic reflex might tonically activate the neck muscles.     

Absence of either gastric or intestinal phenotype in microscopic differentiated gastric carcinomas

Differentiated gastric carcinoma (DGC) corresponds roughly to the intestinal type of gastric carcinoma described by Laurén. It has been suggested that DGCs arise from intestinalized gastric mucosa, but recent findings regarding their mucin expression do not support this hypothesis. To evaluate the histogenetic relationship between DGCs and intestinal metaplasia, lesions that are as small as possible should be examined. Twenty-five DGCs, ranging in their greatest dimension from 0.4 to 2.7 mm, were collected and divided into two groups by size. Group A consisted of 13 lesions less than 1.4 mm across, and group B of 12 lesions 1.4 mm or more. The presence of mucin and a brush border was assessed by immunostaining with antibodies against human gastric mucin, pyloric-gland-type mucin, Muc-2 glycoprotein, and CD10 antigen, and the lesions were classified as having the gastric phenotype (G-type), intestinal phenotype (I-type), mixed gastric and intestinal phenotype (M-type), or null phenotype (N-type). Thirteen (52%) of the 25 lesions were N-type, 5 (20%) lesions were G-type, 5 (20%) were I-type, and 2 (8%) were M-type. Group A had a larger proportion of N-type lesions than B (10/13, or 77%, vs. 3/12, or 25%; p = 0.027, chi-square test for proportions). Group B had a larger proportion of G-type lesions than A (5/12, or 42%, vs. 0/13, or 0%; p = 0.033). The phenotypes of the carcinomas and their surrounding mucosa were unrelated. Therefore, DGCs may arise from gastric mucosa affected by intestinal metaplasia or not, without having either the gastric or intestinal phenotype.     

Human chorionic gonadotropin in lung and lung tumors. Immunohistochemical study on unbalanced distribution of subunits

To demonstrate unbalanced distribution of subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the lung and lung tumors and to clarify its significance in differentiation and carcinogenesis of the lung, immunohistochemistry was performed on human fetus, infant, and adult lungs, and endocrine and nonendocrine tumors of the lung. Tissues were immunostained for alpha-subunits and for beta-subunits of glycoprotein hormones (hCG, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and thyroid stimulating hormone), serotonin, and gastrin-releasing peptide. Immunoreactive alpha-subunit was first identified in endocrine-like cells at the 39th gestational week, and was found in all infant lungs and two-thirds of adult lungs. The hCG beta-immunoreactive cells were extremely rare in an adult lung, and were not found in fetus or infant lungs. The alpha-subunit-containing cells were present in neuroepithelial bodies, tumorlets, carcinoid tumors, and small cell carcinomas of the lung (SCCL). There were occasionally alpha-subunit-containing cells in non-SCCL but one of the carcinomas also contained many serotonin-positive and gastrin-releasing peptide-positive cells in the same region. All alpha-subunit-immunoreactive cells lacked immunoreactivity for beta-subunits of glycoprotein hormones, except some for hCG beta in one carcinoid tumor. Immunoreactive cells for isolated hCG beta appeared much more frequently in non-SCCL than in SCCL. Most non-SCCL containing hCG beta-positive cells did not show alpha-subunit-immunoreactivity. Thus, immunohistochemical distribution of hCG-subunits was unbalanced and hCG-subunits may be expressed through an independent mechanism, commonly in the lung and lung tumors. The significance of isolated alpha-subunit is further discussed in light of multidirectional differentiation of lung neoplasms (14, 17).     

Related Factors and Clinical Outcomes of Osteosarcopenia: A Narrative Review

Osteopenia/osteoporosis and sarcopenia are common geriatric diseases among older adults and harm activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life (QOL). Osteosarcopenia is a unique syndrome that is a concomitant of both osteopenia/osteoporosis and sarcopenia. This review aimed to summarize the related factors and clinical outcomes of osteosarcopenia to facilitate understanding, evaluation, prevention, treatment, and further research on osteosarcopenia. We searched the literature to include meta-analyses, reviews, and clinical trials. The prevalence of osteosarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults is significantly higher in female (up to 64.3%) compared to male (8–11%). Osteosarcopenia is a risk factor for death, fractures, and falls based on longitudinal studies. However, the associations between osteosarcopenia and many other factors have been derived based on cross-sectional studies, so the causal relationship is not clear. Few studies of osteosarcopenia in hospitals have been conducted. Osteosarcopenia is a new concept and has not yet been fully researched its relationship to clinical outcomes. Longitudinal studies and high-quality interventional studies are warranted in the future.     

滇白珠化学成分的研究(Ⅱ)

从滇白珠Ｇａｎｌｔｈｅｒｉａ ｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ根的乙酸忆是活性部位分得１０个化合物,经理化性质和波谱分析,它们的结构分别鉴定为阿魏酸（Ⅰ）,氯原酸（Ⅱ）,（＋）－儿茶素（Ⅲ）,原花色素Ａ２,芦丁,槲皮素,水杨酸,香草酸,２,５－二羟基七甲酸和原儿茶酸,其中Ⅳ为杜鹃化科植物中首次报道,其它９个化合物为白珠树属植物中首次分得。