p63 expression in assessment of bronchioloalveolar proliferations of the lung.

Discrimination of well-differentiated pulmonary adenocarcinoma from reactive bronchioloalveolar epithelium can be difficult on routine histology, especially with small biopsies. Ancillary studies to help in this distinction are desirable. p63, a p53-homologous nuclear protein, is a marker of reserve cells of the bronchus and terminal lobular unit. In this study, 33 cases of adenocarcinoma (20 open lung and 13 transbronchial/percutaneous biopsies) and 43 cases of benign lungs with fibrosis and metaplasia (22 open lung and 21 transbronchial/percutaneous biopsies) were studied for nuclear p63 expression by immunohistochemistry (Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA). Five additional cases each of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and adenosquamous carcinoma and three cases of squamous carcinoma (all open lung biopsies) were also stained. The diagnostic categories of benign lung conditions were usual interstitial pneumonia, parenchymal scar, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and diffuse alveolar damage. In neoplastic cases, p63 positivity was calculated as percentage of all tumor cells examined. In areas of normal lung, p63 decorated the reserve cells of large and small airways and occasional cells of the distal lobular unit. In fibrotic reactive processes, an interrupted but distinct pattern of nuclear staining was present in all cases, with staining of basal cells of the airways as well as bronchiolar- and squamous-metaplastic epithelium (43/43, 100%). p63 immunoreactivity was less uniform in areas of acute lung injury within these cases. One adenocarcinoma and two cases of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia showed strong immunoreactivity (>80%), while three adenocarcinomas highlighted only rare tumor nuclei (<5% of tumor cells). Morphologic areas where p63 immunostaining was not helpful included the junction of normal lung and lepidic growth of adenocarcinoma, and retrograde spread of adenocarcinoma into small airways. Our results highlight the differential expression of p63 across various bronchioloalveolar lesions. Moreover, p63 may be helpful in distinguishing reactive from neoplastic glandular proliferations in the lung.     

The perils of power in interpretive research.

Occupational therapy is based on core values of altruism, equality, and honoring the dignity of others. Embedded in these values is the ever-present negotiation of power. To honor the concern for the welfare of others, researchers are challenged to think about issues of power throughout the research process. This paper identifies dilemmas and raises questions researchers might ask themselves as they struggle to share power in the interpretive research process.     

Outcomes of a pilot occupational therapy wellness program for older adults.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a pilot occupational therapy wellness program designed to teach elders the importance of participation in meaningful social and community occupations to their quality of life. METHOD: Sixty-five older adults participated in this pilot wellness program held at each of three senior apartment complexes. Measures of health-related quality of life using the SF-36 Health Survey and frequencies of social and community participation from a program-specific intake form were completed by 39 participants before and after the 6-month program. Participants also evaluated components of the program through a satisfaction survey. RESULTS: Scores on the SF-36 Health Survey were significantly higher in vitality, social functioning, and the mental health summary scores following participation in the program. Participants reported an increased frequency of socialization and community participation with an average of 55% participating in at least three or more activities per week before the program to an average of 66% participating after the program. Participants who benefited the most attended more classes, were older, and were nondrivers. Eighty percent of those polled rated the pilot program as good or excellent. CONCLUSION: This pilot study provides additional support for prevention efforts for elders in the community. Wellness programs for seniors may be most effective if targeted to those who are older and nondrivers.     

The concept of self-management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: an evolutionary concept analysis

AIM: An evolutionary concept analysis was undertaken to clarify the concept of self-management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. BACKGROUND: Several problems exist in the literature on self-management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. There is no uniform terminology and there is no uniform definition of the concept. Also, there is no differentiation in the literature between self-management of diabetes in children and adults. METHODS: Ninety-nine references were reviewed and analysed in the disciplines of nursing, medicine, and psychology. After separate analyses revealed no significant differences across disciplines, the analyses were combined to describe the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and surrogate and related concepts. RESULTS: The three essential attributes of the concept were identified as process, activities, and goals. Self-management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents is an active and proactive process; it is daily, lifelong, and flexible, and it involves shifting and shared responsibility for diabetes care tasks and decision-making between child and parent. It is a process that involves collaboration with health care providers. Self-management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents also consists of varied and many activities related to giving insulin, monitoring metabolic control, regulating diet and exercise, to name just a few. The concept also involves goals, which may differ from one parent/child dyad to another. A working definition of the concept is suggested. CONCLUSIONS: It is hoped that a more uniform definition of the concept will enable researchers to continue investigating antecedents and consequences of the concept in a way that allows for aggregating results.     

Rapid Inpatient Behavioral Treatment for Choking Phobia in Children

Six children with acquired choking phobia who failed outpatient intervention were treated in a rapid, behaviorally based inpatient program that integrated in vivo exposure with contingency management. Motivation to eat feared foods was increased via the manipulation of appetite and hospital privileges (e.g., visits, TV). Children were required to eat small quantities of feared food to receive privileges, and failure to meet these requirements resulted in privilege suspension. Elimination of the choking phobia occurred within 3 days. This approach is appropriate for cases in which outpatient treatment fails, in which parents have made legitimate attempts at home-based treatment, or in which the child's medical condition warrants it.     

Reduction of epidural fibrosis in lumbar surgery with Oxiplex adhesion barriers of carboxymethylcellulose and polyethylene oxide.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Postsurgical epidural adhesions and fibrosis after surgery for lumbar disc herniation are a consequence of normal wound healing. The presence of fibrosis renders reoperations risky, and in some patients fibrosis may lead to nerve root tethering. PURPOSE: One approach to minimizing the risk of developing epidural adhesions is to provide a barrier between the dural membrane and the healing connective tissues. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate such a barrier device. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: In vivo investigation in an animal model at a university laboratory. PATIENT SAMPLE: Rabbit. OUTCOME MEASURES: Gross and histomorphic evaluation. METHODS: Barriers comprised of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) (Oxiplex; FzioMed, Inc., San Luis Obispo, CA) were studied as devices to reduce epidural adhesion formation in rabbit laminotomy and laminectomy models. The barriers tested were either a gel alone (gel) or a gel covered with a film (gel/film combination). Two laminotomy or laminectomy sites (depending on the surgical method) were created in each rabbit at L4 and L6. One site was treated with a CMC/PEO gel, or CMC/PEO gel/film combination, and the other site served as a surgical control. Two surgical models that differed in the extent of adhesion formation at untreated injury sites and the method of injury generation were used. RESULTS: Model A, which did not incorporate dural abrasion, resulted in up to 40% adhesion-free laminectomy sites in controls. Model B, which did incorporate abrasion of the dural membrane, resulted in less than 10% adhesion-free laminotomy sites in controls. Compositions of CMC/PEO gels (2.5% to 10% PEO) and films (22.5% PEO) were tested in both models. Efficacy parameters included measuring the number of sites free of epidural fibrosis and reduction in the severity of fibrosis (adhesions). Both gels and gel/film combinations consistently reduced the frequency and the extent of epidural fibrosis in both models. Gels of CMC/PEO containing a higher content of PEO (10%) and a higher molecular weight of PEO (4.4 mD) were most effective in Model B and resulted in up to 84% laminotomy sites with minimal or no epidural fibrosis, whereas controls exhibited over 90% of the sites with epidural fibrosis. Histological evaluation of the surgical sites indicated that the reduction of epidural fibrosis was accompanied by normal bone healing. In addition, these experiments demonstrated that the gel/film combination provided no additional benefit to that obtained by the gel alone. CONCLUSIONS: Gels of CMC/PEO reduced epidural fibrosis and did not impair normal heal ing.     

Impact of Increasing Margin Around the Lumpectomy Cavity to Define the Planning Target Volume for 3D Conformal External Beam Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dose to normal tissues as a function of increasing margins around the lumpectomy cavity in accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) using 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT). Eight patients with Stage 0-I breast cancer underwent treatment planning for 3DCRT APBI. The clinical target volume (CTV) was defined as a 15-mm expansion around the cavity limited by the chest wall and skin. Three planning target volumes (PTV1, PTV2, PTV3) were generated for each patient using a 0, 5-, and 10-mm expansion around the CTV, for a total margin of 15, 20, and 25 mm. Three treatment plans were generated for every patient using the 3 PTVs, and dose-volume analysis was performed for each plan. For each 5-mm increase in margin, the mean PTV:total breast volume ratio increased 10% and the relative increase in the mean ipsilateral breast dose was 15%. The mean volume of ipsilateral breast tissue receiving 75%, 50%, and 25% of the prescribed dose increased 6% to 7% for every 5 mm increase in PTV margin. Compared to lesions located in the upper outer quadrant, plans for medially located tumors revealed higher mean ipsilateral breast doses and 20% to 22% more ipsilateral breast tissue encompassed by the 25% IDL. The use of 3DCRT for APBI delivers higher doses to normal breast tissue as the PTV increases around the lumpectomy cavity. Efforts should be made to minimize the overall PTV when this technique is used. Ongoing studies will be necessary to determine the clinical relevance of these findings.