Problems with a ‘target’ approach to access in primary care: a qualitative study

We report an analysis of the qualitative phase of a study of patients' and carers' views of primary care services, focusing on their experiences of access to face-to-face general practitioner (GP) consultations during the period when new access policies were being implemented. Practices interpreted the new policy in various ways; restricted interpretations, including restriction of access to telephone booking, could cause distress to patients. Patients and carers welcomed flexible interpretations of the policy that offered choice, such as a choice of GP, or of booking in advance.     

Malathion-induced epidemic hysteria in an elementary school.

More than 100 people, including firefighters, police officers, paramedics, nurses and physicians responded to reports that students at an elementary school had been exposed to an unknown and possibly toxic substance; 296 students were transported to eight hospital emergency departments. None were diagnosed as acutely ill. The substance was subsequently identified as approximately 22 ml of malathion, diluted in 15 L of water and applied by means of a hand-held sprayer approximately 100 m from the school. The odor apparently drifted to the school in 19 to 24 km/h winds. The episode was determined to be epidemic hysteria, possibly triggered by the malathion odor, but perpetuated by the stress of the emergency response. Hallmarks of epidemic hysteria are discussed, and recommendations for dealing with similar events are offered.     

Anticonvulsant Activities of 4–Bromobenzaldehyde Semicarbazone

Summary: Some of the properties of 4–bromobenzalde-hyde semicarbazone (compound IV), a prototype molecule of a new class of anticonvulsants, aryl semicarbazones, are described. Compound IV demonstrated activity in the maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (scPTZ) tests in mice, with low neurotoxicity. When given orally to rats, it displayed high potency in the MES test and very low neurotoxicity, resulting in a high protective index (PI). Compound IV displayed no proconvulsant properties, and development of rapid tolerance was not noted. When administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at doses of 100, 300, or 600 mg/kg to rats, compound IV had no effect on levels of γ-aminobu-tyric acid (GABA) or on GABA-T activity in whole brain. When tested in vitro, compound IV had no effect on rat brain GABA-T at a drug concentration of 100 μM. Although the activities of certain drug-metabolizing enzymes were increased after oral administration of compound IV to rats, these effects were less prominent than those of phenytoin (PHT) and carbamazepine (CBZ). The principal mode of action of compound IV does not appear to be an interaction with the GABA_A receptor complex, and other mechanisms, involving excitatory amino acid neurotransmission, will have to be considered in future investigations of the anticonvulsant activity of this compound.     

Improved preservation of skeletal muscle in amputated limbs using pulsatile hypothermic perfusion with University of Wisconsin solution. A preliminary study.

To determine whether pulsatile hypothermic perfusion with University of Wisconsin preservation solution is superior to topical cooling as a method for the preservation of amputated limbs, six pairs of amputated canine limbs were preserved for twelve to fifteen hours. One limb of each pair was subjected to topical cooling and the other, to pulsatile hypothermic perfusion with University of Wisconsin solution. The bioenergetic status of the limbs was monitored by 31phosphorus magnetic-resonance spectroscopy, and histological evaluation was performed to assess ischemic changes in the preserved tissue. The pH and tissue levels of adenosine triphosphate declined three times more slowly in the limbs that were preserved by pulsatile hypothermic perfusion than in the topically cooled limbs. Consistent with these findings, the perfused limbs also had less histological evidence of ischemic injury. The data from this in vitro study show that pulsatile hypothermic perfusion with University of Wisconsin solution, in combination with an optimum degree of topical cooling, is superior to topical cooling alone as a method of preserving the bioenergetic status of amputated limbs.     

Five-year survival for stage IC or stage I grade 3 epithelial ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

Thirty-two stage IC or stage I grade 3 patients with invasive ovarian adenocarcinoma were treated with 6 months of adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy. With a median follow-up of 60.5 months, there have been three (9%) recurrences. The 5-year progression-free survival was 90.5% and the 5-year survival was 93.3%.     

Desferrithiocin is an effective iron chelator in vivo and in vitro but ferrithiocin is toxic

The efficacy and toxicity of the siderophore desferrithiocin (DFT), which has shown potential application in iron chelation therapy, were assessed in vivo and in vitro. DFT was evaluated in vivo in two ways: firstly, by measuring the effect of a single dose of DFT (10-100 mg/kg) on 59Fe excretion in iron-loaded rats labelled with 59Fe; and secondly, by examining the effect of the daily oral administration for 2 weeks of DFT (10-25 mg/kg/d) on the growing rat. DFT and its ferric complex, ferrithiocin (FT), were assessed in vitro from their effects on transferrin and iron uptake and mobilization from rat hepatocytes in culture using transferrin doubly labelled with 125I and 59Fe. Both oral and subcutaneous DFT were highly effective in promoting iron excretion in vivo, but showed evidence of toxicity after oral administration for 2 weeks at 25 mg/kg/d. In addition, DFT was much more effective than desferrioxamine or pyridoxal isonicotinyl hydrazone in reducing hepatocyte iron in vitro. However, FT was cytotoxic, causing membrane disruption and release of intracellular aspartate aminotransferase. It was concluded that DFT should not be considered for chronic iron chelation therapy without extensive further evaluation.     

Adrenal magnetic resonance imaging in addison’s disease

Magnetic resonance imaging of the adrenal glands was performed in 9 patients with Addison’s disease to evaluate the role of magnetic resonance (MR) in this entity. All patients had bilateral adrenal masses demonstrated by computed tomography (CT); etiologies included adrenal hemorrhage (2 patients), granulomatous disease (1 patient), adrenal lymphoma (3 patients), and adrenal metastases (3 patients). Spin-echo axial images were obtained at repetition times (TR) 0.5, 2.0 s and TE 28, 56 ms, using a Diasonics superconducting magnet operating at 0.35 T. In the patients with lymphoma, metastases, and granulomatous disease, the adrenal masses appeared hypointense or isointense with liver on the T₁-weighted images (TR 0.5 s, TE 28 ms). In cases of adrenal hemorrhage, areas of hyperintensity were seen on TR 0.5, TE 56 ms sequences, due to shortening of T₁ values. In both groups of patients the masses were hyperintense on T₂ weighted sequences. Mean calculated T₁ of the hemorrhagic glands was 449 ms, compared with a mean of 782 ms for mestastases and lymphoma. While MR is not capable of distinguishing between acute inflammatory and metastatic disases of the adrenal glands, it may be equally efficacious as CT in suggesting the diagnosis of adrenal hemorrhage in patients with Addison’s disease.     

Undergraduate and postgraduate dental students''reflection on learning'': a qualitative study

The aim of this study was to explore undergraduate and postgraduate dental students' understanding of a good learning experience by using 'reflection on learning' as described by Schon. Four groups of Year 4 BDS students and one group of postgraduate students in dental public health took part in a series of focus group discussions. The responses were grouped into four broad themes (a) active, practical and positive learning; (b) interactive/together learning; (c) personal learning; (d) theory into practice. Six educational models of good learning proposed by the students are described.