Liver Transplant Recipients Older Than 60 Years Have Lower Survival and Higher Incidence of Malignancy

Older age is not considered a contraindication for liver transplantation, but age-related morbidity may be a cause of mortality. Survival and the incidence of the main post-transplant complications were assessed in 111 adult liver transplant recipients. They were divided in two groups according to their age (patients younger than 60 years, n=54; patients older than 60 years, n=57) and both groups were compared. Older patients were more frequently transplanted for hepatitis C (p= 0.03) and hepatocellular carcinoma (p= 0.05) and their liver disease was less advanced (Child-Pugh and MELD scores were significantly lower; p=0.004 and p=0.05, respectively). After transplantation, older patients had a significantly lower survival (p=0.02). Higher age was independently associated with mortality (hazard ratio for each 10-year increase: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.1- 4.0; p=0.02). The incidence of de novo neoplasia and nonskin neoplasia were higher in older patients (p=0.02 and p =0.007, respectively). Malignancy was the cause of death in one patient younger than 60 years and in 12 patients older than 60 years (p =0.002). In multivariate analysis, a higher age and smoking were independently associated with a higher risk of dying of de novo neoplasia. In conclusion, older liver transplant recipients have a significantly lower survival than younger patients. Malignancy is responsible for this decreased survival.     

Numerical method for weights adjustment in minimax multi‐model LQ‐control

The minimax linear quadratic problem, where ‘max’ is taken over a finite set of indices (models) and ‘min’ is taken over the set of admissible controls, is considered. The solution is obtained by the robust optimal control application. The control turns out to be a linear combination of the controls optimal for each individual model. This paper develops a numerical method for the optimal weights adjustment. An example shows a quick convergence of the proposed procedure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Galea and subgalea graft for lip augmentation revision

In this paper we will review the results obtained during the last 2 years with the aponeurotic galea and subgalea for vermillion lip augmentation. The survey was carried out on 42 patients who displayed either an absence of or reduction in the vermillion of one or both lips or a senile lip. In all cases the surgical procedure introduced aponeurotic galea and subgalea in the space found between the orbicular lip muscle and the vestibular mucus, just behind the vermillion. All the operations were performed under local anaesthetic. The size of the aponeurotic galea fragment removed varied in length between 10 and 12 cms. and in width between 1 and 2 cms., using the following parameters for its dimensions: the previous volume of the lips, and the distance between the two buccal commissures when in the “smile position.”     

Road traffic noise around schools: a risk for pupil's performance?

Summary Noise levels around educational centres can negatively affect the performance of both teachers and pupils. Two public schools in Valencia, Spain, were selected for study. One of these schools was exposed to excessively high road traffic noise levels while the other was located in a relatively quiet area. The socioeconomic level of those attending the schools was very similar. A set of external and internal noise measurements were carried out, along with two different attention tests among the children. Test results were consistently better (both for tests and for children from different classrooms in each school) in the quiet school. Exposure to high traffic noise levels in the noisy school over the whole school year is a plausible determinant of these results.     

Intestinal microvillous atrophy in a patient with Down syndrome and aganglionic megacolon

Intestinal microvillous disorders are an uncommon cause of severe diarrhea, with very poor prognosis. The authors report the case of a female infant with Down syndrome, aganglionic megacolon, severe diarrhea, and jejunal biopsy with ultrastructural changes consistent with microvillous atrophy. The patient condition improved after a colostomy performed in the setting of the treatment of Hirschprung disease.     

Analysis of the coxsackievirus B-adenovirus receptor gene in patients with myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy

Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are common causes of morbidity and mortality in children and adults, most commonly due to infection with coxsackievirus B or adenovirus. Increased expression of the common human coxsackievirus B-adenovirus receptor (CAR) has been reported in patients with DCM. We investigated the CAR gene in patients with acquired or familial myocarditis/DCM for mutations/polymorphisms. Several polymorphisms or intronic substitutions, distant from the intron-exon boundaries, were identified but no mutations. Based upon these data it appears that CAR gene mutations are not a major host determinant in the development of myocarditis and DCM.     

Isolation and characterization of subgenomic DNAs encapsidated in "single" T = 1 isometric particles of Maize streak virus

"Single" T = 1 isometric particles of Maize streak virus (MSV) have been isolated from infected maize leaves. Biochemical and genetic characterizations show that these particles contain subgenomic (sg) MSV DNA encapsidated by the MSV coat protein. The largest sg DNA is 1.56 kb, slightly larger than half genome size, although sg DNAs as small as 0.2 kb were also cloned. The sg DNAs are not infectious, and they do not appear to play a role in the pathogenicity of MSV. This is the first report of sg DNAs for MSV and, to our knowledge, the first time that encapsidated sg DNAs have been characterized at the sequence level for any geminivirus. These data will assist in our investigations into the role of genomic DNA in the formation of the unique geminate capsid architecture of the Geminiviridae.     

Quantitative trait locus for reading disability on chromosome 6p is pleiotropic for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Comorbidity is pervasive among both adult and child psychiatric disorders; however, the etiological mechanisms underlying the majority of comorbidities are unknown. This study used genetic linkage analysis to assess the etiology of comorbidity between reading disability (RD) and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), two common childhood disorders that frequently co‐occur. Sibling pairs (N = 85) were ascertained initially because at least one individual in each pair exhibited a history of reading difficulties. Univariate linkage analyses in sibling pairs selected for ADHD from within this RD‐ascertained sample suggested that a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 6p is a susceptibility locus for ADHD. Because this QTL is in the same region as a well‐replicated QTL for reading disability, subsequent bivariate analyses were conducted to test if this QTL contributed to comorbidity between the two disorders. Analyses of data from sib pairs selected for reading deficits revealed suggestive bivariate linkage for ADHD and three measures of reading difficulty, indicating that comorbidity between RD and ADHD may be due at least in part to pleiotropic effects of a QTL on chromosome 6p. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.