Colorectal cancer mortality and industrial pollution in Spain

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Records kept as a result of the implementation of Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) and the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) constitute a public inventory of industries, created by the European Commission, which is a valuable resource for monitoring industrial pollution. Our objective is to ascertain whether there might be excess colorectal cancer mortality among populations residing in the vicinity of Spanish industrial installations that are governed by the IPPC Directive and E-PRTR Regulation and report their emissions to air. METHODS: An ecological study was designed to examine colorectal cancer mortality at a municipal level (8098 Spanish towns), over the period 1997-2006. We conducted an exploratory "near vs. far" analysis to estimate the relative risks (RR) of towns situated at a distance of less than 2 km from industrial installations. The analysis was repeated for each of the 24 industrial groups. RR and their 95 % credible/confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated on the basis of Poisson regression models, using two types of modelling: a) the conditional autoregressive Bayesian model proposed by Besag, York and Mollie, with explanatory variables; and b) a mixed regression model. Integrated nested Laplace approximations were used as a Bayesian inference tool. RESULTS: Statistically significant RRs were detected in the vicinity of mining industry (RR 1.258; 95%CI 1.082 - 1.463), paper and wood production (RR 1.071; 95%CI 1.007 - 1.140), food and beverage sector (RR 1.069; 95%CI 1.029 - 1.111), metal production and processing installations (RR 1.065; 95 % CI 1.011 - 1.123) and ceramics (RR 1.050 ; 95%CI 1.004 - 1.099). CONCLUSIONS: Given the exploratory nature of this study, it would seem advisable to check in other countries or with other designs, if the proximity of industries that emit pollutants into the air could be an added risk factor for colorectal cancer mortality. Nevertheless, some of the differences between men and women observed in the analyses of the industrial groups suggest that there may be a component of occupational exposure, little-studied in the case of cancers of the digestive system.     

Randomised Clinical Trial to Analyse the Efficacy of Eggshell Membrane to Improve Joint Functionality in Knee Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a source of chronic pain and disability. Dietary supplements have been shown to be a more secure option than NSAIDS. Particularly, the eggshell membrane has demonstrated efficacy in relieving joint pain and stiffness. A clinical trial was designed in which three groups were assigned to two different doses of this supplement and compared to a placebo control group. The primary outcome variable was knee pain, which was assessed using a visual analogue scale. Secondary outcome variables were knee functional ability, quadriceps muscle strength (assessed by isometric and isokinetic trials), and quality of sleep. All groups showed a significant decrease in pain perception, although maximum values were obtained in the high-dose group. Isokinetic and isometric trials showed a significant increase in strength in the high-dose group. Eggshell membrane showed the potential to reduce pain and stiffness symptomatology. Here, for the first time, two quantitative variables (mobility and strength of knee joint) were used to accurately evaluate changes in the quality of life of subjects affected by knee joint pain. The results of this study indicate a dose-dependent response, which should be taken into account for later use in therapeutics to establish the correct dosage.     

High S100B Levels Predict Antidepressant Response in Patients With Major Depression Even When Considering Inflammatory and Metabolic Markers

BackgroundThe relationship between antidepressant response and glial, inflammatory, and metabolic markers is poorly understood in depression. This study assessed the ability of biological markers to predict antidepressant response in major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsWe included 31 MDD outpatients treated with escitalopram or sertraline for 8 consecutive weeks. The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) was administered at baseline and at week 4 and 8 of treatment. Concomitantly, blood samples were collected for the determination of serum S100B, C-reactive protein (CRP), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)-C levels. Treatment response was defined as ≥50% improvement in the MADRS score from baseline to either week 4 or 8. Variables associated with treatment response were included in a linear regression model as predictors of treatment response.ResultsTwenty-seven patients (87%) completed 8 weeks of treatment; 74% and 63% were responders at week 4 and 8, respectively. High S100B and low HDL-C levels at baseline were associated with better treatment response at both time points. Low CRP levels were correlated with better response at week 4. Multivariate analysis showed that high baseline S100B levels and low baseline HDL-C levels were good predictors of treatment response at week 4 (R^2 =0.457, P = .001), while S100B was at week 8 (R² = 0.239, P = .011). Importantly, baseline S100B and HDL-C levels were not associated with depression severity and did not change over time with clinical improvement.ConclusionsSerum S100B levels appear to be a useful biomarker of antidepressant response in MDD even when considering inflammatory and metabolic markers.     

Efficacy of chlorinated and ozonated water in reducing Salmonella typhimurium attached to tomato surfaces

The purpose of this study was to compare chlorinated and ozonated water in reducing Salmonella typhimurium inoculated onto fresh ripe tomatoes. Surface-inoculated tomatoes were immersed/sprayed with chlorinated (200 mg l(-1)) and ozonated water (1 and 2 mg l(-1)) under 2 and 100 nefelometric turbidity units (NTU). Contact times were 120 and 30 s for immersing and spraying applications, respectively. Immersing in chlorinated water and low turbidity resulted in the most effective application with 3.61 log(10) bacterial reduction, while 1 and 2 mg l(-1) of ozone reduced 2.32 and 2.53 log(10), respectively. High turbidity and chlorine reduced the bacterial counts by 3.39 log(10), while 1 and 2 mg l(-1) of ozonated water and low turbidity reduced the bacteria by 1.48 and 1.92 log(10), respectively. Spraying chlorinated water reduced bacteria by 3 log(10), and ozonated water at 1 and 2 mg l(-1) reduced counts by 1.84 and 2.40 log(10), respectively. No statistical differences were found between chlorine and ozone (2 mg l(-1)) during spraying applications (p < 0.05). The use of ozonated water both in immersing and spraying applications is suggested when water turbidity remains low.     

Evaluation of a Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Approach to Estimate the Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and the Detection of Viral Variants in Disparate Oregon Communities at City and Neighborhood Scales

Background: Positive correlations have been reported between wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations and a community’s burden of infection, disease or both. However, previous studies mostly compared wastewater to clinical case counts or nonrepresentative convenience samples, limiting their quantitative potential.Objectives: This study examined whether wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations could provide better estimations for SARS-CoV-2 community prevalence than reported cases of COVID-19. In addition, this study tested whether wastewater-based epidemiology methods could identify neighborhood-level COVID-19 hotspots and SARS-CoV-2 variants.Methods: Community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was estimated from eight randomized door-to-door nasal swab sampling events in six Oregon communities of disparate size, location, and demography over a 10-month period. Simultaneously, wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations were quantified at each community’s wastewater treatment plant and from 22 Newport, Oregon, neighborhoods. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was sequenced from all positive wastewater and nasal swab samples. Clinically reported case counts were obtained from the Oregon Health Authority.Results: Estimated community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence ranged from 8 to 1,687/10,000 persons. Community wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations ranged from 2.9 to 5.1log10 gene copies per liter. Wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations were more highly correlated (Pearson’s r=0.96; R2=0.91) with community prevalence than were clinically reported cases of COVID-19 (Pearson’s r=0.85; R2=0.73). Monte Carlo simulations indicated that wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations were significantly better than clinically reported cases at estimating prevalence (p<0.05). In addition, wastewater analyses determined neighborhood-level COVID-19 hot spots and identified SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1 and B.1.399) at the neighborhood and city scales.Discussion: The greater reliability of wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations over clinically reported case counts was likely due to systematic biases that affect reported case counts, including variations in access to testing and underreporting of asymptomatic cases. With these advantages, combined with scalability and low costs, wastewater-based epidemiology can be a key component in public health surveillance of COVID-19 and other communicable infections. https://doi.org/10.1289/{"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"EHP10289","term_id":"372009674","term_text":"EHP10289"}}EHP10289     

Nuevos modelos predictivos de bacteriemia en el servicio de urgencias: un paso adelante

La atención de pacientes con sospecha de un proceso infeccioso en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios(SUH) se ha incrementado en la última década hasta suponer alrededor del 15-20% de todas las atenciones diarias. En la valoración inicial de estos enfermos se toman muestras para los distintos estudios microbiológicos en un 45% de los casos, donde predomina la obtención de hemocultivos (HC), en el 14,6% de todos ellos. La rentabilidad diagnóstica de estos HC es muy variable (2-20%). Los focos o procesos infecciosos más frecuentes sospechados o confirmados de las bacteriemias verdaderas(BV) en los SUH son la infección del tracto urinario (45%) y la infección respiratoria (25%). Por todo ello, la sospecha y confirmación de la BV tiene un relevante significado diagnóstico, pronóstico y obliga a cambiar algunas de las decisiones más importantes a tomar en el SUH. Entre otras, indicar el alta o ingreso, extraer HC y administrar el antimicrobiano adecuado y precoz. La intención de esta revisión es poner de manifiesto las evidencias científicas publicadas en los últimos cinco años, aclarar las controversias existentes actuales y comparar la capacidad para predecir bacteriemia de los últimos modelos predictivos publicados desde el año 2017 con los ya existentes en esa fecha, año en el que se publicó una revisión que dejaba abierta la propuesta de seguir buscando un modelo con un rendimiento adecuado para los SUH. Y así, a partir de ella, generar distintas recomendaciones que ayuden a definir el papel que pueden tener estos modelos o escalas en la mejora de la indicación de obtención de los HC, así como en la toma inmediata de otras decisiones diagnóstico-terapéuticas (administración precoz y adecuada del tratamiento antibiótico, solicitud de estudios complementarios y otras muestras microbiológicas, intensidad del soporte hemodinámico, necesidad de ingreso, etc.)     

Predictors of influenza severity among hospitalized adults with laboratory confirmed influenza: Analysis of nine influenza seasons from the Valencia region,Spain

PurposeInfluenza hospitalizations contribute substantially to healthcare disruption. We explored the impact of ageing, comorbidities and other risk factors to better understand associations with severe clinical outcomes in adults hospitalized with influenza.MethodsWe analysed multi‐season data from adults ≥18 years, hospitalized with laboratory‐confirmed influenza in Valencia, Spain. Severity was defined as intensive care unit (ICU) admission, assisted ventilation and/or death. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate associations between risk factors and severity. Rate of hospital discharge was analysed with a cumulative incidence function.ResultsOnly 26% of influenza patients had their primary discharge diagnosis coded as influenza. Comorbidities were associated with severity among adults aged 50–79 years, with the highest odds ratio (OR) in patients with ≥3 comorbidities aged 50–64 years (OR = 6.7; 95% CI: 1.0–44.6). Morbid obesity and functional dependencies were also identified risk factors (ORs varying from 3 to 5 depending on age). The presence of increasing numbers of comorbidities was associated with prolonged hospital stay.ConclusionsInfluenza clinical outcomes are aggravated by the presence of comorbidities and ageing. Increased awareness of influenza among hospitalized patients could prompt clinical and public health interventions to reduce associated burden.     

Expression of concentrative nucleoside transporters SLC28 (CNT1, CNT2, and CNT3) along the rat nephron: effect of diabetes

BACKGROUND: The renal reabsorption of natural nucleosides and a variety of nucleoside-derived drugs relies on the function of the apically located, Na(+)-dependent, concentrative nucleoside transporters CNT1, CNT2, and CNT3 (SLC28A1, SLC28A2, and SLC28A3). The aims of this study were to determine the segmental localization of the three SLC28 family members and to establish whether streptozotocin-induced diabetes alters their expression. METHODS: SLC28 expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on microdissected sections of rat nephrons. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin treatment and the biochemical profiles of control, diabetic, and insulin-treated rats were established. The effect of diabetes on SLC28 expression was assessed in those segments that significantly express SLC28 genes. RESULTS: CNT1-3 mRNAs were expressed in the proximal tubule and glomerulus. In addition, CNT2 and CNT3 mRNAs were expressed in the outer medullary and cortical collecting duct, respectively. Diabetes reduced expression of the three CNTs in almost all nephron segments, and this effect was not prevented by an insulin treatment that normalized all blood and urine parameters. Diabetes increased CNT1 and CNT3 expression in the glomerulus and insulin treatment decreased it. CONCLUSION: The relative distribution of SLC28 gene expression suggests a role for the proximal tubule in renal nucleoside clearance and an accessory role for CNT2 and CNT3, in adenosine-mediated regulation of collecting duct functions. Diabetes probably may impair nucleoside clearance independently of insulin.