Poor ventilatory response to mild hypoxia may inhibit acclimatization at moderate altitude in elderly patients after carotid surgery.

Peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid bodies) are the main sensing organs for hypoxaemia. During carotid surgery, the carotic body in the bifurcation of the common carotid artery is often involved and damaged or destroyed. Animals lose their ability to adapt to high altitude after experimental denervation of the carotid bodies. The objective of our study was to evaluate the ability of human patients to adapt to moderate altitude after single side carotid surgery. Blood gas analysis at rest at 171 m and after car and cable car transport to 1600 m before and after carotid surgery was performed. Mean(s.d.) paO2 decreased insignificantly from 74.8(3.56) at 171 m altitude to 71.6(2.07) at 1600 m (P = n.s.), means(s.d.) paCO2 decreased significantly from 36.2(2.86) to 31.4(2.7) mmHg (P < 0.05) before carotid surgery. Months after surgery, a significant drop in paO2 occurred after identical passive exposure to moderate altitude: mean(s.d.) paCO2 at 171 m 74.4(3.65) mmHg, at 1600 m 65.8(3.70) mmHg (P < 0.01), paCO2 did not change significantly. Mean(s.d.) paCO2 at 171 m: 36.0(2.35), at 1600 m 36.2(2.86) mmHg (P = n.s.). Although the sample investigated was small, after single side carotid surgery patients seem to lose their ability for satisfactory ventilatory response to acute exposure to moderate altitude. This is of possible alpine medical importance.     

Direct cadiac electorphysiologic effects of sufentanil and vecuronium in isolated guinea-pig hearts

Sufentanil and vecuronium are commonly used simultaneously in anaesthesia. Bradycardia and asystole have been described immediately after the administration of these two compounds. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the direct cardiac effects of sufentanil and vecuronium in all parts of the cardiac pacemaker and conduction system.
The electrophysiological effects of sufentanil and vecuronium were studied in isolated spontaneously beating guinea-pig hearts perfused by the method of Langendorff. At a concentration of 0.1 μmol/1 sufentanil a significant reduction of the spontaneous sinus rate, prolongation of atrioventricular, intraventricular and His' bundle conduction could be observed. The highest concentration of 10 μmol/1 of sufentanil led to an overall slowing of conduction velocity and to an profound slowing of spontaneous sinus rate. AV nodal as well as atrial and ventricular refractoriness were markedly prolonged at this high concentration of sufentanil. In contrast, during perfusion with vecuronium at a concentration of 0.1 μmol/1 up to 10 μmol/1 no significant effects on cardiac conduction and pacemaker activity could be observed.
In conclusion, the electrophysiological effects of sufentanil are comparable to that of unspecific calcium antagonists. Therefore, especially in patients with a preexisting damage of the cardiac conduction system, the indirect effect of the combination of sufentanil and vecuronium which is predominantly responsible for bradycardia and asystole may be worsened by the direct effects of sufentanil.     

The effect of physeal traction applied to the triradiate cartilage on acetabular growth

Summary Physeal distraction was applied with an external fixator to the triradiate cartilage of dogs with the aim of increasing the capacity of the acetabulum. The force was continued for from 2 to 6 weeks and the consequent changes were evaluated with regard to function and structure by radiography and microscopy. The distraction, without producing epiphysiolysis and destruction of the cartilage, resulted in expansion of the pelvic bones. The depth and volume of the acetabulum were increased, but the acetabular angle was decreased. Distraction also caused proliferation of the lacunar cells and the number of mammillary processes in the cartilage columns increased. Distraction can therefore be applied to the triradiate cartilage to enlarge the capacity of the acetabulum without producing epiphysiolysis.

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Résumé Dans cette étude une distraction a été appliquée sur le cartilage en Y. Douze chiens bâtards, âgés de 2.5 à 4 mois, ont été utilisés pour cette expérimentation. Une force de distraction de 80 Newton a été appliquée d'emblée sur le cartilage en Y. L'application de cette force a été poursuivie sur les animaux pendant 2, 4 ou 6 semaines. A la fin de cette période, les changements de la cavité cotyloïde et du cartilage en Y ont été évalués sur le plan fonctionnel, morphologique, radiologique et histopathologique Aucune altération fonctionnelle n'a été mise en évidence dans les groupes opérés par rapport au groupe de contrôle. On a observé que la distraction a déterminé une expansion massive de l'ilion, du pubis et de l'ischion. Sur les hanches de contrôle la profondeur de la cavité cotyloïde a été évaluée à 13.5 mm, le volume à 1.96 cc et l'angle de la cavité cotyloïde à 29.9°. Après distraction ces valeurs ont été respectivement de 14.4 mm, de 2.10 cc et de 25.7°. La distraction entraîne donc un accroissement de profondeur et de volume de la cavité cotyloïde, mais inversement une diminution de l'angle de cette cavité. Ces résultats montrent que la distraction détermine une prolifération des cellules lacunaires et un accroissement des processus mammaires dans les colonnes du cartilage en Y. Ils montrent également qu'elle peut augmenter la taille de l'acetabulum.

     

Transurethral resection syndrome after transurethral resection of bladder tumours

The transurethral resection syndrome has not previously been described after bladder surgery. This article reports four patients who developed signs of this syndrome after transurethral resection of bladder tumours (TURB). Symptoms included abdominal pain, arterial hypotension, nausea and vomiting. There was evidence in all cases that the cause was absorption of irrigating fluid by the extravascular route. Fluid absorption was detected by ethanol in two patients and the urologist noted a perforation during the third operation. The most complicated clinical course occurred in the case where there was a delay of three hours before the diagnosis was made. Medical treatment consisted of antiemetics and volume expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment as extravasation is associated with hypovolaemia. Diuretics were not given until the circulation had been restored.     

Atraumatic retractor for endoscopic surgery

A novel retractor has been designed to achieve atraumatic retraction of the liver and displacement of hollow viscera during endoscopic surgery. The functional section of the instrument, when locked, forms a silicon-covered uniplanar hook which can be deployed for horizontal lift of solid organs such as the liver or be used to engage bowel for displacement from the operative field. Following laboratory testing, the instrument has been evaluated clinically and its ease of deployment and atraumatic nature have been confirmed. It has been found to be particularly effective for elevation of the thick fatty left lobe of the liver during antireflux surgery.     

Differential inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and-2 (COX-2) by NSAIDS: Consequences on anti-inflammatory activity versus gastric and renal safety

The discovery of an inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) requires a refinement of the theory that inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity is responsible for both therapeutic and side-effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Pharmacological results with developmental compounds suggest that COX-2 is the relevant target for the therapeutic (i.e. anti-inflammatory) effects of NSAIDs, whereas gastric and renal side-effects are related to inhibition of constitutive COX-1. However a role of COX-1 in inflammation cannot be excluded. Furthermore, more research effort is needed to investigate the functional relevance of COX-2 in normal tissue.