Periodontal health in 200 HIV-positive patients

Two hundred HIV-positive subjects were surveyed to determine their periodontal health status. Particular attention was given to the occurrence of a severe and rapidly progressing form of periodontal disease designated "HIV-associated periodontitis", which has been reported as being unique to AIDS patients. Among the subjects comprising the cohort, 85 subjects had good gingival health, 59 subjects exhibited gingivitis, 49 cases of adult periodontitis were observed, 5 subjects presented with advance adult periodontitis, and 2 cases of necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) were found within the group. The periodontitis of the patients in this survey did not have unique or pathognomonic characteristics which could set their periodontal disease apart from the periodontal disease seen in HIV negative population.     

Growth hormone benefits children with 18q deletions

Most individuals with constitutional deletions of chromosome 18q have developmental delays, dysmyelination of the brain, and growth failure due to growth hormone deficiency. We monitored the effects of growth hormone treatment by evaluating 23 individuals for changes in growth, nonverbal intelligence quotient (nIQ), and quantitative brain MRI changes. Over an average of 37 months, the treated group of 13 children had an average nIQ increase of 17 points, an increase in height standard deviation score of 1.7, and significant change in T1 relaxation times in the caudate and frontal white matter. Cognitive changes of this magnitude are clinically significant and are anticipated to have an effect on the long-term outcomes for the treated individuals.     

Asthma deaths during sports: report of a 7-year experience

BACKGROUND: Asthma mortality and the mortality of athletes during sports have been described separately in detail in the medical literature. However, asthma has not been reported as a cause of death in competitive athletes. OBJECTIVE: The object of this study was to raise the awareness of physicians, coaches, trainers, and parents that children and adults can have fatal asthma exacerbations during and immediately after participating in sports. METHODS: The Temple Sports Asthma Research Center identified athletes from 1993 until 2000 who died during or after sporting activity by using the nationwide Burrell's Information Service. Once a possible asthma-related sports death was identified, the autopsy report was requested from the coroner or medical examiner, and an attempt was made to contact the family. Contact with the family was limited to information about the death, medical history, sports involvement, and any medication usage by the person who had died. Secondary sources, including news reports, were used to confirm whether the subject died of asthma during or immediately after a sporting activity. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-three possible cases were identified. Sixty-one deaths met the criteria for study inclusion. White deaths outnumbered black deaths by 2 to 1. Deaths among male subjects predominated. Most subjects were younger than the age of 20 years, with the most prevalent age group being between 10 to 14 years old. Fifty-one percent (18 of 35) of the competitive athletes had their fatal event while participating in organized sport, 14 in a practice situation and 4 deaths during a game or meet setting. Basketball and track were the 2 most frequent activities performed at the time of the fatal event. CONCLUSION: The subjects who had fatal asthma exacerbations were usually white male subjects between the ages of 10 and 20 years. Mild intermittent or persistent asthma by history was commonly identified. Sudden fatal asthma exacerbations occur in both competitive and recreational athletes and can be precipitated by sporting activity.     

The TL MHC class Ib molecule has only marginal effects on the activation, survival and trafficking of mouse small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes

Thymus leukemia antigen (TL) is an MHC class Ib molecule that is highly conserved in rats and mice with no obvious human homolog. TL is expressed in mouse small intestinal epithelial cells and is known to interact with CD8alphaalpha homodimers, which are expressed by intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), some other T cell subsets and some non-T cells such as a subset of dendritic cells. We show here that TL is abundantly expressed on the basolateral surface of mouse small intestinal epithelial cells and that expression is abrogated in beta2m-/- mice but unaffected in TCR-/- mice or CD8alpha chain-/- mice. We demonstrate that the interaction between TL and CD8alphaalpha is not necessary for IEL survival in vitro or in vivo and does not modulate IEL trafficking in vivo. TL co-stimulation of alpha-CD3 antibody-activated IELs resulted in modestly enhanced production of IFN-gamma in one subset of IELs. The lack of effect on IEL survival and trafficking and the modest effect on IFN-gamma production suggest that the functional consequences of TL interaction with CD8alphaalpha as well as the more general biological role of TL in mucosal immunity remains to be discovered.     

The use of urine proteomic and metabonomic patterns for the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis and bacterial cystitis

The advent of systems biology approaches that have stemmed from the sequencing of the human genome has led to the search for new methods to diagnose diseases. While much effort has been focused on the identification of disease-specific biomarkers, recent efforts are underway toward the use of proteomic and metabonomic patterns to indicate disease. We have developed and contrasted the use of both proteomic and metabonomic patterns in urine for the detection of interstitial cystitis (IC). The methodology relies on advanced bioinformatics to scrutinize information contained within mass spectrometry (MS) and high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectral patterns to distinguish IC-affected from non-affected individuals as well as those suffering from bacterial cystitis (BC). We have applied a novel pattern recognition tool that employs an unsupervised system (self-organizing-type cluster mapping) as a fitness test for a supervised system (a genetic algorithm). With this approach, a training set comprised of mass spectra and 1H-NMR spectra from urine derived from either unaffected individuals or patients with IC is employed so that the most fit combination of relative, normalized intensity features defined at precise m/z or chemical shift values plotted in n-space can reliably distinguish the cohorts used in training. Using this bioinformatic approach, we were able to discriminate spectral patterns associated with IC-affected, BC-affected, and unaffected patients with a success rate of approximately 84%.     

Analysis of human T-cell receptor α-chain cDNAs isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells

T-cell receptor α-chain cDNA were generated from unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a DR2,3,52a individual using a modified anchor PCR method. Fifty-six cDNA clones were identified representing 47 distinct T-cell receptor clonotypes and 26 VA loci. This analysis identified a new VA gene family VA30, and aew member of the VA6 gene family.     

High-throughput detection of pathogenic yeasts of the genus trichosporon

The need for a rapid and accurate method for the detection of fungal pathogens has become imperative as the incidence of fungal infections has increased dramatically. Herein, we tested the Luminex 100, a novel flow cytometer, for the detection of the medically important genus Trichosporon. This genus was selected as our proof-of-concept model due to the close phylogenetic relationship between the species. The method, which is based on a nucleotide hybridization assay, consists of a combination of different sets of fluorescent beads covalently bound to species-specific capture probes. Upon hybridization, the beads bearing the target amplicons are classified by their spectral addresses with a 635-nm laser. Quantitation of the hybridized biotinylated amplicon is based on fluorescence detection with a 532-nm laser. We tested in various multiplex formats 48 species-specific and group-specific capture probes designed in the D1/D2 region of ribosomal DNA, internal transcribed spacer regions, and intergenic spacer region. Species-specific biotinylated amplicons were generated with three sets of primers to yield fragments from the three regions. The assay was specific and fast, as it discriminated species differing by 1 nucleotide and required less than 50 min following amplification to process a 96-well plate. The sensitivity of the assay allowed the detection of 10(2) genome molecules in PCRs and 10(7) to 10(8) molecules of biotinylated amplification product. This technology provided a rapid means of detection of Trichosporon species with the flexibility to identify species in a multiplex format by combining different sets of beads.