Morphometric difference in the human maxillary nerve fibers between dentulous and edentulous jaw subjects

This study was conducted to quantify the change in the number and size of myelinated nerve fibers of the maxillary nerve with tooth loss in humans. We carried out a morphometric analysis to compare the number and size of myelinated nerve fibers in the human maxillary nerve between four dentulous and four edentulous jaw cases. Our results indicated that the number of axons decreased by approximately 13,000 with tooth loss. The average size of axons remained unchanged, but there was a change in the fiber size distribution, namely the loss of a large number of small-sized axons was accompanied by the total disappearance of small number of large-sized axons.     

Rapid and efficient generation of lentivirally gene-modified dendritic cells from DC progenitors with bone marrow stromal cells

Since dendritic cells (DC) play pivotal roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, DC can be a good target for immuno-gene therapy. However, the optimal generation method for gene-modified DC has not yet been well exploited. CD34+ cells from cord blood (CB), bone marrow (BM), or peripheral blood (PB) were expanded in a medium containing stem cell factor (SCF), flt 3 ligand (Flt3L) and thrombopoietin (TPO) with or without HESS-5, a murine BM stromal cell line, for 2 weeks (the first expansion step), then differentiated to DC in a medium containing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), flt 3 ligand (Flt3L), stem cell factor (SCF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-4, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 9 days (the second differentiation step). DC progenitors were transduced with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vectors at different time points during the second step. Use of HESS-5 during the first step resulted in more DC generation than without it (cell expansion: CB, 10,461 vs. 354-fold; BM, 962 vs. 225-fold; peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), 8,506 vs. 240-fold; %DC: CB, 83.4% vs. 76.9%; BM, 83.6 vs. 69.8%; PBMC, 85.9 vs. 60.5%). Gene transduction to the in vitro expanded DC progenitors at day 3 during the second step, resulted in better final yield of the gene-modified DC than that to those at day 0 or day 6 (as much as 44% of DC expressed green fluorescence protein (GFP) as a transgene) and the transduction efficiency correlated with endocytic ability and percent of S phase. DC transduced with an HIV vector encoding a melanoma antigen, MART-1, were adequately recognized by specific anti-MART-1 CTL. The two-step culture method with HESS-5 is useful for rapid expansion of DC progenitors and subsequent lentiviral gene transduction to DC.     

Seasonal variation in sweating responses of older and younger men

Eight older (60–65 years) and six younger (20–25 years) men were exposed to a standard heat stress for 60 min in summer, autumn, winter, and spring. The test consisted of placing the lower legs and feet in a 42°C water bath while sitting in constant environmental conditions (30°C and 45% relative humidity). The increase of rectal temperature (T _re) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in autumn, winter, and spring than in summer for the older group, but significantly greater only in winter than in summer for the younger group (P < 0.05). The T _re was greater for the older group in all seasons, but of significance only in autumn and spring (P < 0.01). There were no significant season-related differences for metabolic heat production (m) and mean skin temperature ( _sk) during the heat test in the respective groups, although the m and _sk were lower for the older group in all seasons (P < 0.01). In the older group total body sweating rate (m_sw) divided by T _re (total m_sw/T _re) decreased from summer to winter (P < 0.02) and did not differ between winter and spring, whereas total m_sw/T _re in the younger group increased in spring after decreasing from autumn to winter (P < 0.03). The variations of the value, local sweating rate on the back and thigh divided by T _re (back m_sw/T _re and thigh m_sw/T _re), were similar to those of the total m_sw/T _re in each group, except for back m_sw/T _re in the younger group, which did not increase from winter to spring. The total m_sw/T _re, back m_sw/T _re and thigh m_sw/T _re were significantly less for the older group in summer, autumn and spring (P < 0.05). The range of seasonal variations was significantly less for the older group (P < 0.001). The results indicated that, compared with younger men in older men, the enhancement of sweating function toward summer occurred later and its reduction toward winter occurred earlier despite a smaller range of seasonal variation and that older men had a somewhat lesser capability to maintainT _re when challenged by heat stress in all seasons.     

Effect of alkyl groups on the rate constants of propagation and termination in the radical polymerization of dialkyl itaconates

Polymerization of dialkyl itaconates with dimethyl azoisobutyrate ( 5 ) was studied in benzene at 50°C by means of electron spin resonance (ESR). The monomers used are dimethyl ( 1 ), diethyl ( 2 ), dibutyl ( 3 ) and di-2-ethylhexyl ( 4 ) itaconates. All the polymerization systems involve ESR-observable propagating polymer radicals under the actual polymerization conditions. The polymerization rate (R_p) and degree of polymerization of the resulting polymer increase in going from shorter to longer alkyl groups. The ESR-determined rate constants of propagation (k_p) and termination (k_t) decrease as the alkyl chain becomes longer. k_p of 1 is 3,3 times higher than that of 4 , while k_t of 1 is 590 times higher than that of 4 . Thus, the steric effect due to the alkyl group suppresses much more termination than propagation, leading to the fact that R_p increases as the alkyl group becomes larger.     

Pulmonary metastases from a low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma confirmed by chromosome aberration and fluorescence in-situ hybridization approaches: a case of recurrence 13 years after hysterectomy

Pulmonary metastasis from low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESSs) occasionally are found after long, disease-free periods, mostly as incidental histological or radiological discoveries. We describe a case of low-grade ESS presenting as nodular pulmonary metastases finally diagnosed by estrogen-receptor staining, cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses, and perusal of the histology of hysterectomy material. An abnormal nodule in the lung field was discovered by means of chest X-ray of a 47-year-old woman. She had been disease free for 13 years after hysterectomy for an alleged leiomyoma. A computed tomographic scan revealed nodules, with fluctuation in size over the 2-year period, in both lungs. Finally the lesion in the left lung was resected, and pulmonary endometriosis was suspected because of the lack of stromal cell nuclear atypia and positive immunohistochemical reactions for estrogen and progesterone receptors. However, a characteristic karyotype was identified cytogenetically: 46, XX, t(7;17)(p15;q11), the translocation of which, specific to ESS, was confirmed by FISH analysis. A final diagnosis of pulmonary metastases from an ESS could be made by reviewing the histology of the previous uterine tumor. In this case, metastatic lesions from an ESS showed a decrease as well as an increase in size, despite the malignant potential. Immunostaining for estrogen and progesterone receptors and cytogenetic and FISH analyses, together with clinical information on the past gynecological history, are valuable diagnostic keys.     

Differential effects of phospholipase inhibitors in long-term potentiation in the rat hippocampal mossy fiber synapses and Schaffer/commissural synapses

Bath application of the inhibitors of phospholipases, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and p-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB), to the rat hippocampal slices suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP) in Schaffer/commissural-CA1 pyramidal synapses. On the other hand, neither of the two inhibitors suppressed LTP in mossy fiber-CA3 pyramidal cell synapses. BPB did not suppress phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity of the slices. These results suggested that the mechanisms of LTP were quite different in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of rat hippocampus: in CA1, the involvement of an arachidonate metabolism was strongly suggested, whereas in CA3, an arachidonic acid cascade may not be necessary for LTP.     

HEPATITIS-ASSOCIATED APLASTIC ANEMIA WITH SYSTEMIC PLASMACYTOSIS

An autopsy case of hepatitis associated aplastic anemia was presented. A 58-year-old Japanese female with non-A, non-B hepatitis was admitted on August 2, 1983. Moderate grade of fever and hemorrhagic diathesis appeared on September 16, when hepatitis was evaluated as being under resolving. The peripheral blood and bone marrow findings were consistent with aplastic anemia. Since infection was suggested by increased levels of serum gamma-globulin and CRP, treatment with antibiotics as well as prednisolone and blood transfusion was initiated. Since September 21, gradual tenderness and edema on the right lower abdominal wall appeared. She died on October 3.
On postmortem examination, systemic plasmacytosis with lymphadenopathy and septic monilial infection was revealed. Numerous plasma cells were atypical, but were immunohistochemically proved to be polyclonal. The bone marrow showed a massive and diffuse plasma cell proliferation with extremely scarce myeloid cells and megakaryocytes. There was a large granulomatous lesion with monilial infection in the wall of the ileocecum. By these findings, systemic plasmacytosis was suspected to be due to chronic monilial infection.
The pathogenesis of systemic plasmacytosis in aplastic anemias and in other diseases were discussed with relation to the present case.     

Transforming growth factor J3 type II receptor (TGFpRII) mutation in gastric lymphoma without mutator phenotype

A new mutation in the serine-threonine klnase domain of the transforming growth factor β type II receptor (TGFpRII) was found in a case of diffuse, B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the stomach. A mfssense mutation (ACA to GCA, Thr to Ala) was detected In exon 5, and a wild type allele was also present. This Is the first naturally occurring mutation in the klnase domain of this gene identified in human primary lymphoma. The replication error at three loci was negative, and the poly A tract of exon 3, which is frequently a target of mismatch repair genes, was intact. Malignant lymphoma of B cell origin in the stomach Is an addition to an expanding catalogue of tumors with TGFβRII alterations, and the biological sequelae of the change in the functional domain and the clinical characteristics of the patient in this study are intriguing.     

Primrose syndrome associated with unclassified immunodeficiency and a novel ZBTB20 mutation

Primrose syndrome is a congenital malformation syndrome characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delay, progressive muscle wasting, and ear lobe calcification. Mutations in the ZBTB20 gene have been established as being accountable for this syndrome. In this study, a novel de novo ZBTB20 mutation, NM_001164342.2:c.1945C>T (p.Leu649Phe), has been identified through whole exome sequencing (WES) in a female patient presenting a typical Primrose phenotype. Because the present patient exhibited recurrent otitis media, detailed immunological examinations were performed in this study and subnormal immunoglobulin levels were firstly identified in a Primrose patient. Anatomical anomaly of the inner ear has never been reported in this patient and WES data did not include any relevant variants causally linked with the immunologic defect. Thus, there is a possibility of a relation between an unclassified immunodeficiency with selective IgG2 deficiency and Primrose syndrome and this may be the reason of recurrent otitis media frequently observed in Primrose patients. Because subnormal levels of IgG2 in this patient might be caused by an unrelated and still uncharacterized genetic cause, further studies are required to prove the causal link between aberrant ZBTB20 function and immunodeficiency.     

Clostridium sordellii phospholipase C: gene cloning and comparison of enzymatic and biological activities with those of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium bifermentans phospholipase C

The gene encoding Clostridium sordellii phospholipase C (Csp) was cloned and expressed as a histidine-tagged (His-tag) protein, and the protein was purified to compare its enzymatic and biological activities with those of Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C (Cpa) and Clostridium bifermentans phospholipase C (Cbp). Csp was found to consist of 371 amino acid residues in the mature form and to be more homologous to Cbp than to Cpa. The egg yolk phospholipid hydrolysis activity of the His-tag Csp was about one-third of that of His-tag Cpa, but the hemolytic activity was less than 1% of that of His-tag Cpa. His-tag Csp was nontoxic to mice. Immunization of mice with His-tag Cbp or His-tag Csp did not provide effective protection against the lethal activity of His-tag Cpa. These results indicate that Csp possesses similar molecular properties to Cbp and suggest that comparative analysis of toxic and nontoxic clostridial phospholipases is helpful for characterization of the toxic properties of clostridial phospholipases.