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61.
Dr. Gustav Morawetz 《Archives of dermatological research》1916,123(4):579-585
Ohne ZusammenfassungHiezu Taf. XXIX. 相似文献
62.
63.
Normal mouse thyroid development has been revised to identify critical morphogenetic events. The early thyroid primordium associates with the aortic sac endothelium at the time of specification and budding. The vascular contact is lost after the thyroid buds from the pharyngeal endoderm, but is resumed before the gland divides to form two lobes. Lateral expansion of parenchyma takes place along the course of the third pharyngeal arch arteries. Thyroid precursor cells expressing Titf1/Nkx2.1 do not proliferate until the migration stage, implicating that progenitors likely are recruited from outside the thyroid placode. Early lobulation involves engulfment of the entire ultimobranchial bodies by the growing midline thyroid. At the same time, proliferation of the ultimobranchial body epithelium is silenced preceding the differentiation of C cells. Before folliculogenesis, thyroid lobe enlargement is reminiscent of a budding-branching-like growth pattern. It is suggested that thyroid inductive signals arise from embryonic vessels, and that this provides ideas to conceptually new pathogenetic mechanisms of thyroid dysgenesis. 相似文献
64.
Dd. med. Gustav Rudolphson 《European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience》1889,20(2):473-494
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
65.
Rudolf Demel Gustav Adamek 《Langenbeck's archives of surgery / Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Chirurgie》1929,220(3-6):355-371
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
66.
67.
Alf Grandien Yves Modigliani Antonio Coutinho Jan Andersson 《European journal of immunology》1993,23(7):1561-1565
Using B cells from the transgenic mouse line B6-Sp6 and control littermates, stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) under novel culture conditions that provide for the response of all B cells, we show here that specific ligation of the surface IgM molecules always results in inhibition of terminal differentiation and immunoglobulin secretion by activated cells, regardless of the ligand. Thus, monoclonal antibodies to (a) the CH region of Ig (anti-μ. and anti-allotype), (b) the Cx region, (c) the V region (anti-idiotype) of surface IgM, as well as (d) multivalent antigen (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin), all show similar effects and dose-response curves. IgD-negative transgenic B cells are equally sensitive to IgM ligation-dependent inhibition, as control (IgD-positive) B cells. The allotype specificity of this inhibition, assessed by using anti-u, allotype reagents to inhibit and assay the responses, suggests that B cells expressing transgenic or endogenous IgM in transgenic B6-Sp6 mice are largely independent populations. These observations establish that anti-IgM antibodies in conjunction with appropriate LPS stimulation, provide a universal model system for functional characterization of B cell responses. 相似文献
68.
I A Cotgreave P Moldéus R Brattsand A Hallberg C M Andersson L Engman 《Biochemical pharmacology》1992,43(4):793-802
Here we describe a new class of organoselenium compounds possessing glutathione peroxidase-like activity. The parent compound, alpha-(phenylselenenyl)acetophenone (PSAP), increased the rate of reaction of glutathione with H2O2, tert-butylhydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, linoleic acid hydroperoxide and dilinoleyl lecithin hydroperoxide by 7.0, 25.1, 34.1, 19.1 and 8.4-fold, respectively, as assessed by the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) reductase enzyme assay. Direct assay of the removal of hydrogen peroxide and glutathione from reaction mixtures confirmed the peroxidase-like activities of these selenoorganic compounds, but indicate that the conventional coupled GSSG reductase assay may be unsuitable for the assessment of the catalytic capacity of PSAP and Ebselen. One possible mechanism of catalysis by PSAP involves an initial oxidation at selenium. Thiol may then react with the selenoxide to yield a selenium (II) compound, H2O and a disulfide. Compounds derived from PSAP may provide potential selenium-based anti-inflammatory agents. 相似文献
69.
Distribution and effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide in cat and human lower oesophageal sphincter. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
L. Ny B. Larsson P. Alm P. Ekstrm J. Fahrenkrug J. Hannibal K. E. Andersson 《British journal of pharmacology》1995,116(7):2873-2880
1. The localization, tissue concentrations, and effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) 27 and 38 were investigated in cat and human lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS), and compared with those of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and helospectin. 2. PACAP-immunoreactive nerve structures were found in the cat and human LOS, with an abundance in the circular smooth muscle layer. PACAP 27-immunoreactivity was often co-localized with VIP-immunoreactivity. 3. In cat tissue, PACAP (PACAP 27 plus PACAP 38) concentrations were 50 fold lower than VIP concentrations; in human tissue they were 10 fold lower. 4. PACAP 27, PACAP 38, helospectin I, and VIP induced concentration-dependent relaxations in circular smooth muscle preparations from cat and human LOS. The order of potency was: VIP > helospectin I > or = PACAP 27 > PACAP 38. NG-nitro-L-arginine, scopolamine, or apamin, did not influence the relaxant effects of PACAP 27 or VIP. 5. In cat preparations, both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels were increased after exposure to PACAP 27 and helospectin I, whereas exposure to VIP was followed by an increase in cyclic AMP levels only. In human preparations, there was an increase in cyclic AMP levels without any change in cyclic GMP levels. 6. These results suggest that in the cat and human LOS, PACAP 27 and VIP can occur within the same nerve structures. PACAP 27 has a potent relaxant action, but its functional importance has to be established. 相似文献
70.
Viktoria Werkström Lars Ny Katarina Persson K.-E. Andersson 《Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology》1997,356(2):151-158
Neuronal regulation of smooth muscle tone in the female pig urethra has mainly been studied in vitro using electrical field
stimulation (EFS) of nerves. Excitatory control is considered to be exerted by released noradrenaline, whereas inhibitory
control is non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC), and mediated by nitric oxide (NO), and an as yet unidentified agent. We
investigated the functional and morphological effects of α-latrotoxin (αLTX), a spider neurotoxin believed to cause massive
release of vesicle-stored neurotransmitters, on spontaneously developed urethral smooth muscle tone. The effects were compared
to those of EFS and high potassium. In the presence of the NO-synthesis inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG: 0.3 mM) both αLTX and EFS evoked contractions. After treatment with scopolamine and phentolamine,
no contraction was observed, and under these conditions αLTX and EFS induced relaxation. At low frequencies (<12 Hz), the
EFS-induced relaxations were rapid, whereas at higher frequencies (>12 Hz), they were biphasic, consisting of a rapid first
phase followed by a more long-lasting second phase. L-NOARG abolished the relaxations at low frequencies, as well as the first
phase of the biphasic relaxation. The second phase was not affected by treatment with L-NOARG, but 0.1 μM ω-conotoxin GVIA,
blocker of N-type voltage-operated calcium- channels (VOCCs), markedly reduced or abolished the response. In the presence
of L-NOARG or ω-conotoxin GVIA, the αLTX-induced relaxation was significantly decreased, and the combination of L-NOARG and
ω-conotoxin GVIA further reduced or abolished the relaxation. In preparationstreated with tetrodotoxin or scorpion venom,
believed to inactivate nerves by acting on sodium channels, αLTX and EFS had no effects. αLTX-induced relaxation was not associated
with changes in cyclic GMP or cyclic AMP content. High (80 mM) potassium solution induced a triphasic response of the preparation.
A transient relaxation was followed by a restoration of tone, and then by a persistent relaxation. The persistent relaxation
was slightly reduced by scorpion venom or L-NOARG, but reduced by 50% by a combination of L-NOARG and ω-conotoxin GVIA. Ultrastructural
analysis of the urethral circular smooth muscle layer revealed a moderate amount of nerve profiles supplying the smooth muscle.
In control preparations, the nerve profiles contained both small synaptic vesicles and large dense core vesicles. αLTX caused
a major loss of both types of vesicle. The present data suggest that αLTX has the ability to release not only adrenergic and
cholinergic transmitters, but also NANC mediators of relaxation, including NO, from nerve terminals in the urethra.
Received: 13 January 1997 / Accepted: 17 April 1997 相似文献