Internal Fixation of the Cervical Spine: Current Indications and Techniques

Numerous techniques for the internal fixation of the cervical spine have been developed in recent years. The indications for surgery must be strictly defined before the optimal type of implant can be selected on the basis of the advantages and potential risks. Wiring techniques are still commonly used for posterior stabilization. Anterior fusion can be accomplished without internal fixation in most cases. The halo vest is still widely used for the conservative management of cervical fractures and for postoperative external immobilization. Posteriorly, traditional wiring methods are still used, as well as newer techniques, such as C1-C2 screw fixation, occipitocervical plate fixation, and lateral-mass lower cervical plating. Anteriorly, meticulous Smith-Robinson surgical approach and grafting techniques are essential. Further studies are needed to define the exact indications for various new techniques, such as anterior odontoid screw fixation and anterior plating. The surgeon must choose an appropriate device on the basis of the mechanism of injury, the pathoanatomy of the lesion, and familiarity with the device, keeping in mind the goals of internal fixation-stabilization, reduction and maintenance of alignment, early rehabilitation, and perhaps enhancement of fusion and avoidance of the need to use an external halo vest.     

生物电子阻抗测定用于评估腹部肿瘤病人手术前后的营养状况

目的：评估生物电子阻抗测定对腹部肿瘤病人手术前,后营养状况分析的有效性。方法;选择２４例腹部肿瘤病人,用ＢＩＡ分别测得术前和术后第５天的电阻和感应电阻,通过计算机ＲＪＬ系统计算出身体细胞质量,脂肪和身体总水含量值,并与白蛋白和体重的变化相比较。结果;术后５天时,ＢＣＭ的下降具有显著性差异,这与白蛋白,ＦＡＴ,ＴＢＷ和体重的下降是一致的。     

低温预防周围神经缺血再灌注损伤的形态学研究

采用暂时阻断家兔髂总动脉起始处的血流的实验模型,观察用降温方法预防坐有神经的缺血再灌注损伤（缺血４小时,再灌注５小时）的形态学变化,结果显示：神经的缺血再灌注损伤在低温下较常温下明显轻微,提示降温可预防周围神经缺血再灌注损伤。     

慢性肾功能衰竭中医证型标准化研究探讨

本文对２次全国性慢性肾衰中医辨证分型标准进行了分析和总结,并按现行慢性肾衰辨证分型方案对４４４例患者进行证候学研究,列出了慢性肾衰中出现率高且具有鉴别诊断价值的症状及体征,并发现慢性肾衰尿毒症患者其气血阴阳虚损的积分值明显高于其它各期,提出现行方案的不足之处及有待改进的探讨意见     

显性遗传性运动感觉性神经病Ⅱ型一个家系分析

目的本文报道一个在老年期发病的遗传性运动感觉性周围神经病Ⅱ型家族。方法对家族成员进行临床和电生理检查,其中１例病人进行腓肠神经活检。结果家族成员在老年期出现四肢无力和感觉减退。老年病人和无症状年轻病人的电生理检查均发现周围神经的诱发电位波幅显著下降。腓肠神经活检证实轴索性周围神经病。结论检查结果符合显性遗传性运动感觉性周围神经病Ⅱ型的诊断,电生理检查可以发现家族中的亚临床病人。     

Rifampicin as an adjunct to vancomycin therapy in MRSA septicaemia in burns

Rifampicin has been successfully used as an adjunct to vancomycin therapy in several clinical conditions of MRSA infections such as endocarditis, ventriculoperitoneal shunts and septicaemia. However, very little information is available in the literature regarding its use in MRSA septicaemia in burns. The present prospective study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of rifampicin as an adjunct therapy in burn cases with MRSA septicaemia not responding well to vancomycin. Fourteen out of 36 MRSA septicaemia patients with burns who either did not or only partially responded to therapeutic doses of vancomycin within 5-6 days were treated with rifampicin as an adjunct therapy (600 mg, i.v., o.d) for 5 days during the study period between January 1995 to December 1998. All the patients had burns due to flame and the TBSA varied between 20-90% with a mean of 64%. Eleven patients had deep and three had mixed burns. MRSA septicaemic episodes usually followed 2 3 days of detection of the organism in burn wounds. All the isolates were sensitive to vancomycin with an MIC of < or = 1.0 mg/L and were treated with vancomycin, (500 mg, i.v., 6 hourly). The serum vancomycin levels in all the patients were within the therapeutic range. However, blood cultures still remained positive even after 5-6 days of therapy. Institution of rifampicin, as an adjunct to vancomycin therapy to which the MRSA isolates were susceptible, showed a dramatic clinical response and survival of grafts. Thirteen patients survived and one died who had 70% deep burns and blood cultures revealed a multiresistant Acinetobacter in addition to MRSA. The present study thus confirms the efficacy of clinical use of rifampicin as an adjunct in vancomycin nonresponding cases of MRSA septicaemia in burns.     

白内障超声乳化,玻璃体切除及人工晶体植入联合手术的疗效

目的：探讨白内障超乳化摘除,睫状体平坦部下班体切割及人工晶体囊袋内植入联合手术的疗效及安全性。方法：对玻璃体视网膜病普合并白内障１８例（１８眼）施行该联合手术。其中糖尿病性视网膜病变,玻璃体出血伴白内障１０例;视网膜分枝静脉阻塞,玻璃体出血伴白内障４例;视网膜静脉周围炎,玻璃体出血伴白内障３例及特发性视网膜１例,术后随访２～１３个月（平均９月）。结果：术后视力均有不同程度提高。１２眼（６７％）术后     

Stabilizers of capitellocondylar total elbow arthroplasty

The contribution of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments (MCL, LCL) and muscle forces to the kinematics and stability of the capitellocondylar total elbow arthroplasty was investigated in six fresh cadaveric elbows. The three-dimensional orientation of the ulna relative to the humerus was monitored with the use of an electromagnetic tracking device in neutral, valgus, and varus stress positions with (1) the ligaments intact, (2) LCL insufficiency obtained by osteotomizing the lateral epicondyle, (3) partial MCL insufficiency obtained by sectioning either the anterior or posterior bundle of the MCL, and (4) complete MCL insufficiency. Simulated muscle forces were applied as follows: (1) no load, (2) 1 kg each to the biceps and the brachialis and 2 kg to the triceps, and (3) 2 kg to the biceps and the brachialis and 4 kg to the triceps. The laxity was defined as the difference in valgus/varus orientation of the ulna in the valgus and varus stress positions. The laxity at 40°, 75°, and 110° elbow flexion was analyzed. The greatest laxity occurred with LCL insufficiency (40.7° ± 11.6°, average at three flexion angles) followed by that with MCL insufficiency (15.7° ± 9.9°), both of which were significantly larger than laxity with the intact ligaments (5.6° ± 2.5°). The laxity with the anterior bundle sectioned (12.0° ± 8.1°) was significantly greater than with the posterior bundle sectioned (3.3° ± 3.6°); thus the contribution of anterior bundle to stability was four times that of posterior bundle. Stabilizing effect of muscle loading was small in elbows with intact ligaments, whereas it was large with LCL or MCL insufficiency. Based on these data, we can see that the integrity of both the MCL and LCL is essential to maintain stability of this total elbow, the anterior bundle is a more important stabilizer than the posterior bundle, and the collateral ligaments seem to be the primary stabilizer and the musculature seems to be the secondary stabilizer. Careful implantation technique to preserve the collateral ligaments is required to obtain postoperative stability of this arthroplasty. Otherwise, routine exposure of the MCL and repair or reinforcement of the MCL, if deficient, may need to be considered during surgery.     

慢性硬膜下血肿20例临床分析

目的 分析慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)的临床特征。方法 收集20例CSDH，就其临床表现、发病机制及防治和预后进行临床探讨。结果 CSDH临床症状不典型，尤其是老年人，初诊误诊率达50％，积极治疗治愈率达100％。结论 应重视CSDH的早期诊断。     

电泳法检测尿液中海洋硫酸多糖聚甘古酯原型物

目的 :建立检测尿液中海洋硫酸多糖类物质聚甘古酯 (911)的电泳方法 ,并用于药代动力学研究。方法 :以氯化十六烷基吡啶 (cetylpyridiniumchloride ,CPC)沉淀法提取尿液中 911,醋酸锌和醋酸钡两步电泳检测尿液中 911,同时测定回收率、电泳测定的检测限。结果 :实验证明该电泳法可以用于检测尿样中的 911原型物 ,911在尿液中的回收率约为 70 % ;水样中 911的检测限为 10 0 μg·L- 1,尿液中检测限为 2 5 0 μg·L- 1,超滤尿中检测限为 5 0 0 μg·L- 1,大鼠口服给药后可以从其尿液中检测到 911原型物。结论 :该电泳法是检测尿液中 911稳定、灵敏的方法