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51.
Theresa Marie Bernardo Andrijana Rajic Ian Young Katie Robiadek Mai T Pham Julie A Funk 《Journal of medical Internet research》2013,15(7)
Background
The threat of a global pandemic posed by outbreaks of influenza H5N1 (1997) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS, 2002), both diseases of zoonotic origin, provoked interest in improving early warning systems and reinforced the need for combining data from different sources. It led to the use of search query data from search engines such as Google and Yahoo! as an indicator of when and where influenza was occurring. This methodology has subsequently been extended to other diseases and has led to experimentation with new types of social media for disease surveillance.Objective
The objective of this scoping review was to formally assess the current state of knowledge regarding the use of search queries and social media for disease surveillance in order to inform future work on early detection and more effective mitigation of the effects of foodborne illness.Methods
Structured scoping review methods were used to identify, characterize, and evaluate all published primary research, expert review, and commentary articles regarding the use of social media in surveillance of infectious diseases from 2002-2011.Results
Thirty-two primary research articles and 19 reviews and case studies were identified as relevant. Most relevant citations were peer-reviewed journal articles (29/32, 91%) published in 2010-11 (28/32, 88%) and reported use of a Google program for surveillance of influenza. Only four primary research articles investigated social media in the context of foodborne disease or gastroenteritis. Most authors (21/32 articles, 66%) reported that social media-based surveillance had comparable performance when compared to an existing surveillance program. The most commonly reported strengths of social media surveillance programs included their effectiveness (21/32, 66%) and rapid detection of disease (21/32, 66%). The most commonly reported weaknesses were the potential for false positive (16/32, 50%) and false negative (11/32, 34%) results. Most authors (24/32, 75%) recommended that social media programs should primarily be used to support existing surveillance programs.Conclusions
The use of search queries and social media for disease surveillance are relatively recent phenomena (first reported in 2006). Both the tools themselves and the methodologies for exploiting them are evolving over time. While their accuracy, speed, and cost compare favorably with existing surveillance systems, the primary challenge is to refine the data signal by reducing surrounding noise. Further developments in digital disease surveillance have the potential to improve sensitivity and specificity, passively through advances in machine learning and actively through engagement of users. Adoption, even as supporting systems for existing surveillance, will entail a high level of familiarity with the tools and collaboration across jurisdictions. 相似文献52.
Bensinger WI; Weaver CH; Appelbaum FR; Rowley S; Demirer T; Sanders J; Storb R; Buckner CD 《Blood》1995,85(6):1655-1658
Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) are widely used in autologous transplantation because of ease of collection and rapid hematopoietic reconstitution. However, PBSCs have rarely been used for allogeneic transplantation because of concerns about donor toxicities from cytokine administration and the theoretical increased risk of graft- versus-host-disease (GVHD) from the large number of T cells infused. Eight patients with advanced malignancies received allogeneic PBSC transplants from genotypically HLA-identical sibling donors. All donors received 5 days of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF; 16 micrograms/kg/day) subcutaneously and were leukapheresed for 2 days. After treatment of the patient with total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide (n = 7) or etoposide, thiotepa, and cyclophosphamide (n = 1), PBSCs were infused immediately after collection and without modification. All patients received cyclosporine and either methotrexate (n = 6) or prednisone (n = 2) for GVHD prophylaxis, rhG-CSF was well tolerated with mild bone pain requiring acetaminophen occurring in two donors. All patients engrafted and in seven hematopoietic recovery was rapid, with 500 neutrophils/microL achieved by day 18 and 20,000 platelets/microL by day 12. Complete donor engraftment was documented by Y chromosome analysis in all four sex-mismatched donor-recipient pairs tested and by DNA analysis in two sex-matched pairs. One patient died on day 18 of veno-occlusive disease of the liver with engraftment but before chromosome analysis could be performed (results are pending in 1 patient). A second patient died of fungal infection 78 days after transplant. Grade 2 acute GVHD occurred in two patients and grade 3 GVHD occurred in one patient. One patient is 301 days from transplant in remission with chronic GVHD; the remaining five patients are alive and disease free 67 to 112 days after transplantation. Preliminary results indicate that allogeneic PBSCs mobilized by rhG-CSF can provide rapid hematologic recovery without an appreciably greater incidence of acute GVHD than would be expected with marrow. Further follow-up is required to determine the incidence of chronic GVHD and any potential beneficial effects on relapse after transplant. 相似文献
53.
Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies: a retrospective comparison with marrow transplantation 总被引:16,自引:10,他引:16
Bensinger WI; Clift R; Martin P; Appelbaum FR; Demirer T; Gooley T; Lilleby K; Rowley S; Sanders J; Storb R; Buckner CD 《Blood》1996,88(7):2794-2800
Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplants from HLA- identical siblings were performed in 37 patients with advanced hematologic malignancies. Outcomes were compared to a historical group of 37 similar patients with advanced hematologic malignancies receiving bone marrow (BM) transplants from HLA-identical donors. The PBSC group and historical BM group were well matched for diagnosis, disease stage, age, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. Patients received PBSC transplants between 1993 to 1995 while BM patients were treated between 1989 to 1994. Engraftment, measured by the time to reach a peripheral neutrophil count > 500/L and platelet count > 20,000/microL without transfusions, occurred on days 14 and 11 in the patients transplanted with PBSC compared to days 16 and 15 in the patients receiving BM (P = .00063, .00014). The PBSC group required a median of 8 U of red blood cells and 24 U of platelets compared to 17 U of red blood cells and 118 U of platelets for BM transplant recipients (P = .0005, .0001). The estimated risks of developing grades 2 to 4 acute GVHD were 37% for the PBSC group and 56% for the BM group (P = .18), while the estimated risks of grades 3 to 4 acute GVHD were 14% for the PBSC group and 33% for the BM group, P = .05). Chronic GVHD occurred in 7 of 18 evaluable patients receiving PBSC and 6 of 23 evaluable patients receiving BM, P = .5. The estimated risks of transplant-related mortality at 200 days were 27% versus 45% (P = .33) relapse were 70% versus 53% (P = .27) and of overall survival were 50% and 41% (P = .39) for patients transplanted with PBSC or BM, respectively. This retrospective comparison suggests that compared to marrow transplantation from HLA-identical donors, allogeneic PBSC transplantation from HLA-identical donors is associated with faster engraftment, fewer transfusions, and no greater incidence of acute or chronic GVHD. 相似文献
54.
MacDonald I; Wang H; Grand R; Armitage RJ; Fanslow WC; Gregory CD; Gordon J 《Blood》1996,87(3):1147-1154
Group I Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cell lines, which retain the original biopsy phenotype, have been shown to enter apoptosis in response to a number of external stimuli including serum deprivation, thermal shock, addition of calcium ionophore, and ligation of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) by antibody. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1) is known to cause growth arrest in BL lines. Here we show that while it is by itself capable of promoting some degree of apoptosis in group IBL cells, TGF beta 1 cooperates with anti-immunoglobulin to this end. Trimeric soluble recombinant human CD40 ligand (sCD40L) was able to inhibit apoptosis induced by the combination of agonists to some degree, but such rescue proved to be short-lived. Both TGF beta 1 and anti-Ig individually caused BL cells to undergo growth arrest at the G1 phase of cell cycle before their entry into apoptosis: the consequence of sCD40L addition was to maintain the cells in cycle for longer. No induction of the apoptosis-protecting gene, bcl-2, occurred in the presence of sCD40L. These findings are discussed, particularly highlighting the relationship existing between survival and the cell cycle. The strong cooperative effects observed between anti-Ig and TGF beta 1 in promoting apoptosis and the inability of CD40 to signal for long-term rescue raise the potential for a novel therapeutic attack on B-cell lymphoma. 相似文献
55.
Genetic and non‐genetic factors that increase the risk of non‐syndromic cleft lip and/or palate development 下载免费PDF全文
56.
Duane Funk James Bohn WAC Mutch Tom Hayakawa Edward W Buchel 《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY》2015,23(4):231-234
BACKGROUND:
Fluid management of the surgical patient has undergone a paradigm shift over the past decade. A change from ‘wet’ to ‘dry’ to a ‘goal-directed’ approach has been witnessed. The fluid management of patients undergoing free flap reconstruction is particularly challenging. This is typically a long operation with minimal surgical stimulation, and hypotension often ensues. The use of vasopressors in these cases is contraindicated to maintain adequate flow to the flap. Hypotension is often treated with intravenous fluid boluses. However, aggressive fluid administration to maintain adequate blood pressure can result in flap edema, venous engorgement and, ultimately, flap loss.OBJECTIVE:
The primary objective of the present study was to determine whether goal-directed fluid therapy, titrated to maintain stroke volume variation ≤13%, with the use of an arterial pulse contour device results in improved postoperative cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume index (SVI) with reduced amounts of intravenous fluid. The primary end points studied were CI, SVI and cumulative crystalloid/colloid administration.METHODS:
Twenty female patients undergoing simultaneous microvascular free flap reconstruction immediately following mastectomy were studied. Preoperative and intraoperative care were standardized. Each patient received intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring. In all patients, cardiac output measurement occurred throughout the intraoperative period using the arterial pulse contour device. Control patients had their fluid administered at the discretion of the anesthesiologist (blinded to results from the cardiac output device). Patients in the intervention group had a baseline crystalloid infusion of 5 mL/kg/h, with intravenous colloid boluses to maintain a stroke volume variation ≤13%.RESULTS:
There was no difference in heart rate or mean arterial pressure between groups at the end of the operation. However, at the end of the operation, the intervention group had significantly higher mean (± SD) CI (3.8±0.8 L/min/m2 versus 3.0±0.5 L/min/m2; P=0.02) and SVI (51.4±2.4 mL/m2 versus 43.3±2.3 mL/m2; P=0.03). This improved CI and SVI was achieved with similar amounts of administered intraoperative fluid (5.8±0.5 mL/kg/h versus 5.0±0.7 mL/kg/h, control versus intervention). The intervention group required less postoperative fluid resuscitation during the early postoperative period (total fluid administered from end of operation to midnight of the operative day, 6.4±1.9 mL/kg/h versus 10.2±3.3 mL/kg/h, intervention versus control, respectively, P<0.01).DISCUSSION:
Goal-directed fluid therapy using minimally invasive cardiac output monitoring resulted in improved end-operative hemodynamics, with less ‘rescue’ fluid administration during the perioperative period. 相似文献57.
Funk MB Guenay S Lohmann A Henseler O Heiden M Hanschmann KM Keller-Stanislawski B 《Vox sanguinis》2012,102(4):317-323
Objective Based on the frequency of immune‐mediated and non‐immune‐mediated transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI), the effect of risk‐minimization measures was evaluated during a period of 5 years (2006–2010). Risk‐minimization measures were implemented in 2008/2009, consisting of exclusion of female donors with a history of pregnancy or exclusion of female donors with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)/human neutrophil alloantigen (HNA) antibodies. Methods TRALI was confirmed according to the criteria of the International Haemovigilance Network. Based upon the results of donor testing of white‐blood‐cell antibodies (WBC‐Ab) against HLA or HNAs, confirmed cases were classified as immune‐ or non‐immune‐mediated TRALI. Reporting rates were calculated on the basis of the annually transfused blood components, and pre‐ and post‐implementation periods were compared. Results In total, 60 immune‐mediated (75%) and 20 non‐immune‐mediated (25%) TRALI reactions were confirmed. A total of 68 (64 women and four men) donors were involved: seven red‐blood‐cell concentrates donors (13%), six platelet concentrate donors (10%), and 48 fresh frozen plasma (FFP) donors (77%). The reporting rate of immune‐mediated TRALI caused by FFP decreased continuously; from 12·71 per million units in 2006/2007 to 6·81 per million units in 2008/2009 and no case in 2010. Conclusion The comparison of the pre‐ and the post‐implementation period demonstrated a significantly reduced risk of TRALI events comparing 2006/2007 with 2010 (P‐value: < 0·01). Furthermore, no case of TRALI‐induced fatality occurred after the implementation of risk‐minimization measures. 相似文献
58.
Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease, transmitted only in mammals. Terrestrial rabies, predominantly transmitted by dogs, is the most important rabies cycle threatening humans. The causative neurotropic virus is a negative-stranded RNA virus of the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus. This genus contains several rabies-related viruses. All variants are known or suspected to cause rabieslike diseases. Transmission occurs by the virus entering through the skin or the mucosa after bites, scratches, or preexisting injuries contaminated by the saliva of an infected mammal. Only 51 human rabies cases that have not been transmitted by animal bites are described. 相似文献
60.
J. W. Coughlin Ph.D. C. M. Gullion Ph.D. P. J. Brantley Ph.D. V. J. Stevens Ph.D. A. Bauck B.S. C. M. Champagne Ph.D. A. T. Dalcin R.D. K. L. Funk M.S. R.D. J. F. Hollis Ph.D. G. J. Jerome Ph.D. L. F. Lien M.D. C. M. Loria Ph.D. V. H. Myers Ph.D. L. J. Appel M.D. 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,46(3):369-381