Erratum to: Race,ethnicity, and the duration of untreated psychosis: a systematic review

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology -     

Chemically Accessible Hsp90 Inhibitor That Does Not Induce a Heat Shock Response

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alphaB-crystallin is a marker of aggressive breast cancer behavior but does not independently predict for patient outcome: a combined analysis of two randomized studies

Background

alphaB-crystallin is a small heat shock protein that has recently been characterized as an oncoprotein correlating with the basal core phenotype and with negative prognostic factors in breast carcinomas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate alphaB-crystallin with respect to clinicopathological parameters and the outcome of patients with operable high-risk breast cancer.

Methods

A total of 940 tumors were examined, derived from an equal number of patients who had participated in two randomized clinical trials (paclitaxel-containing regimen in 793 cases). Immunohistochemistry for ER, PgR, HER2, Ki67, CK5, CK14, CK17, EGFR, alphaB-crystallin, BRCA1 and p53 was performed. BRCA1 mutation data were available in 89 cases.

Results

alphaβ-crystallin was expressed in 170 cases (18.1%) and more frequently in triple-negative breast carcinomas (TNBC) (45% vs. 14.5% non-TNBC, p <?0.001). alphaB-crystallin protein expression was significantly associated with high Ki67 (Pearson chi-square test, p <?0.001), p53 (p =?0.002) and basal cytokeratin protein expression (p <?0.001), BRCA1 mutations (p =?0.045) and negative ER (p <?0.001) and PgR (p <?0.001). Its overexpression, defined as >30% positive neoplastic cells, was associated with adverse overall survival (Wald’s p =?0.046). However, alphaB-crystallin was not an independent prognostic factor upon multivariate analysis. No interaction between taxane-based therapy and aβ-crystallin expression was observed.

Conclusions

In operable high-risk breast cancer, alphaB-crystallin protein expression is associated with poor prognostic features indicating aggressive tumor behavior, but it does not seem to have an independent impact on patient survival or to interfere with taxane-based therapy.

Trial registrations

ACTRN12611000506998 (HE10/97 trial) andACTRN12609001036202 (HE10/00 trial).

     

Central motor tract propagation in man: studies with non-invasive, unifocal, scalp stimulation

Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) to unifocal, anodal scalp stimulation have been recorded in 45 healthy volunteers from proximal and distal upper limb muscles. Optimal responses were obtained through a pericranial cathode consisting of 6 or more regularly spaced, interconnected plaques whose impedance was carefully balanced with that of a 0.8-cm2 stimulating anode on the scalp. Individual rectangular pulses with threshold intensity (70-86 mA) 100-200 microseconds in duration, with rise-decay times shorter than 50 microseconds resulted more efficient in eliciting individual MEPs in the target muscle. The foci of maximal response for hand and shoulder muscles were localized. The scalp-to-cervical cord conduction time along the motor tracts governing the hand muscles was 5.21 +/- 0.42 ms. This index was highly correlated with the subject's height and stable in time when repeatedly tested. Collision between orthodromically and antidromically propagated motor impulses was obtained by simultaneous stimulation of scalp and median nerve at wrist. Response facilitation was achieved by means of prestimulus voluntary contraction of the target muscle, continuous vibration of its tendon or scalp stimulation with paired shocks. Facilitation of MEPs was obtained by prestimulating the ipsilateral motor cortex 8-24 ms before the stimulation of the one contralateral to the target muscle. This was considered at least in part mediated by transcallosal connections. An efferent volley secondary to scalp stimulation was recorded for the nerve trunk with the near-nerve technique. Segmental and suprasegmental mechanisms underlying MEP facilitation provoked by phasic and tonic contractions of the target muscle have been investigated.