A new method of estimating cost effectiveness of cholesterol reduction therapy for prevention of heart disease

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate a new method of estimating the cost effectiveness of interventions that lower blood cholesterol levels in the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) at the community level. The participants in the study were 67 651 men aged 35 to 64 years in the Lower Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. Census data, risk factor profiles and CHD event rates from community surveillance, plus costs in 1988-1989 Australian dollars, were used as inputs to a computer program that used a logistic equation. The output estimated the CHD events avoided and the cost effectiveness of an intervention that identified and treated men with cholesterol levels greater than 6.5 mmol/L with dietary modification and cholestyramine. The cost of implementation of the intervention was $A50.1 million to prevent 104 CHD events. The cost-effectiveness ratio was $A482 224 per CHD event avoided (SD = $A24 761) and the direct medical costs avoided were approximately $A500 000 over a 5-year period ($A4535.07 per CHD event avoided). Drug acquisition costs contributed substantially (88%) to the total costs of interventions that rely on screening to identify individuals with high cholesterol for intensive treatment.     

Agility following the application of cold therapy

Cold application is commonly used before strenuous exercise due to its hypalgesic effects. Some have questioned this procedure because of reports that cold may reduce isokinetic torque. However, there have been no investigations of actual physical performance following cold application. The purpose of this study was to determine if a 20-minute ice immersion treatment to the foot and ankle affected the performance of three agility tests: the carioca maneuver, the cocontraction test, and the shuttle run. Twenty-four male athletic subjects were tested during two different treatment sessions following an orientation session. Subjects were tested following a 20-minute 1°C ice immersion treatment to the dominant foot and ankle and 20 minutes of rest. Following each treatment, subjects performed three trials of each agility test, with 30 seconds rest between each trial, and 1 minute between each different agility test. The order in which each subject performed the agility tests was determined by a balanced Latin square. A MANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine if there was an overall significant difference in the agility times recorded between the cold and control treatments and if the order of the treatment sessions affected the scores. Although the mean agility time scores were slightly slower following the cold treatment, cooling the foot and ankle caused no difference in agility times. Also, there was no difference resulting from the treatment orders. We felt that the slightly slower scores may have been a result of tissue stiffness and/or subject's apprehension immediately following the cold treatment. Cold application to the foot and ankle can be used before strenuous exercise without altering agility.     

The effect of hyperthermia and verapamil on primary and metastatic colon adenocarcinoma cell-lines - inhibition of proliferation, cell-cycle distribution and onset of apoptosis

Administration of the combination of hyperthermia and verapamil significantly decreased proliferation of HT-29 and SW-620 cells while hyperthermia or verapamil alone did not cause such growth inhibition. DNA histograms showed no significant changes in the cell cycle distribution of either cell line after hyperthermia treatment. After the administration of verapamil, a significant increase in both cell lines of the G(2)-M fraction was seen at 6, 20, and 30 hours in comparison to control with a concomitant decrease in G(1) phase population. The combination of hyperthermia and verapamil resulted in an accumulation of cells in G(2)-M phase with subsequent release from the arrest and appearence the cells showing fragmentation of chromatin into nucleosomal oligomers, the hallmark of programmed cell death (apoptosis).     

Preoperative combined modality therapy for pancreatic cancer

Combined modality therapy can be administered prior to surgical resection for patients with operable pancreatic cancer. One important criteria used to select patients for this treatment sequence is the absence of arterial vascular encasement by tumor on thin-section CT scanning; the absence of peritoneal seeding on surgical staging or laparoscopy has been another important parameter used in identifying patients with localized disease. Preoperative treatment with infusional chemoradiation uses multiple fields of irradiation delivering a dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions over 51/2 weeks. This is done in conjunction with a continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil intravenously at a dosage of 300 mg/m²/day with each day of radiotherapy treatment. The initial results of this protocol indicate acceptable toxicity and no evidence of increased perioperative morbidity or mortality compared to series using operation alone. We conclude that nearly all patients eligible for this combined modality treatment approach complete therapy as prescribed with acceptable toxicity.

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Resumen Se estima que el adenocarcinoma del páncreas será diagnosticado en 27.000 personas en los Estados Unidos en 1993. La etiología de este neoplasma sigue siendo oscura, su diagnóstico precoz es poco frecuente y sólo un pequeño porcentaje de los casos exhiben enfermedad localizada, susceptible de cirugía con propósito curativo, en el momento del diagnóstico. La sobrevida media para los pacientes sometidos a resección exitosa es del orden de 12 a 20 meses con sobrevida a largo plazo en menos del 25%. La modalidad principal de tratamiento no operatorio es la irradición externa con quimioterapia concomitante (quimio-radiación), la cual posee la capacidad de paliación de los síntomas cuando la enfermedad no es resecable. Esta modalidad ya está establecida como terapia adyuvante en el cáncer pancreático resecable. Tradicionalmente la cirugía ha sido utilizada para diagnosticar y evaluar la extensión de la enfermedad, para determinar resecabilidad y para establecer drenaje biliar previo a la radioterapia paliativa. Sin embargo, muchos de estos propósitos de la cirugía pueden ser logrados en la actualidad en los pacientes con tumores resecables mediante métodos no operatorios que permiten administrar quimio-radiación en la fase preoperatoria en vez de la postoperatoria. Gracias a los esfuerzos combinados de cirujanos, patólogos, radiólogos, radioterapeutas y oncólogos clínicos, los pacientes pueden hoy ser diagnosticados, estadificados y tratados con un enfoque multimodal basado en la historia natural y los patrones de falla del cáncer pancreático.

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Résumé En 1993, le diagnostic d'adénocarcinome du pancréas a été posé chez plus de 27000 patients aux Etats Unis. L'étiologic de ce cancer reste un mystère, le diagnostic précoce est rare, et seulement un pourcentage réduit de ces patients ont une maladie suffisamment localisée au moment du diagnostic pour envisager une chirurgie à visée curative. La médiane de survie après chirurgie à visée curative varie dans la littérature entre 12 et 20 mois mais moins de 25% des patients survivent à long-terme. La thérapeutique palliative la plus embloyée est la radiothérapie externe combinée à la chimiothérapie qui pallie le plus souvent avec succès les symptômes des tumeurs non réséquées et qui a également un rôle comme traitement adjuvant chez les patients ayant cu une résection. C'est par la chirurgie que l'on fait traditionnellement le diagnostic et établi le bilan du cancer, que l'on évalue la résécabilité et que l'on peut établir un drainage efficace avant de pratiquer la radiochimiothérapie palliative. Cependant, la plupart de ces objectifs peuvent être accomplis de nos jours par des moyens non chirurgicaux, permettant alors de proposer aux patients candidats à la chirurgie une radiochimiothérapie en pré-plutôt qu'en postopératoire. C'est grâce à un effort combiné de chirurgiens, d'anatomopathologistes, de radiologues diagnostiques et thérapeutiques ainsi que des oncologues médicaux et radiothérapeutes que l'on peut correctement diagnostiquer, faire le bilan et traiter les patients de façon multidisciplinaire en se basant sur les faits de l'histoire naturelle et la progression potentielle de la maladie cancéreuse.

     

The Women's Health Trial Feasibility Study in Minority Populations: changes in dietary intakes.

This randomized clinical trial examined the feasibility of low-fat dietary interventions among postmenopausal women of diverse backgrounds. During 1992-1994, 2,208 women aged 50-79 years, 28% of whom were black and 16% Hispanic, enrolled at clinics in Atlanta, Georgia, Birmingham, Alabama, and Miami, Florida. Intervention/support groups met periodically with a nutritionist to reduce fat intake to 20% of energy and to make other diet modifications. At 6 months postrandomization, the intervention group reduced fat intake from 39.7% of energy at baseline to 26.4%, a reduction of 13.3% of energy, compared with 2.3% among controls. Saturated fatty acid and cholesterol intakes were reduced, but intakes of fruits and vegetables, but not grain products, increased. Similar effects were observed at 12 and 18 months. Black and non-Hispanic white women had similar levels of reduction in fat, but the decrease in Hispanic women was less. Changes did not vary significantly by education. While bias in self-reported intakes may have resulted in somewhat overestimated changes in fat intake, the reported reduction was similar to the approximately 10% of energy decrease found in most trials and suggests that large changes in fat consumption can be attained in diverse study populations and in many subgroups.