反相高效液相色谱法测定甘露药浴颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的以反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定甘露药浴颗粒(外用)中盐酸麻黄碱的含量。方法色谱柱:WatersC18(150mm×4.6mm);流动相:水-乙烷-十二烷基硫酸钠-磷酸(650∶350∶5∶1);流速:1.0mL/min;柱温:26℃;检测波长:210nm。结果该方法的线性范围为0.127～0.130μg/μL(r=0.9996,n=5),平均回收率为99.72%,RSD=1.12%。结论本法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

Mouse MOV10L1 associates with Piwi proteins and is an essential component of the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway

Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are essential for silencing of transposable elements in the germline, but their biogenesis is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that MOV10L1, a germ cell–specific putative RNA helicase, is associated with Piwi proteins. Genetic disruption of the MOV10L1 RNA helicase domain in mice renders both MILI and MIWI2 devoid of piRNAs. Absence of a functional piRNA pathway in Mov10l1 mutant testes causes loss of DNA methylation and subsequent derepression of retrotransposons in germ cells. The Mov10l1 mutant males are sterile owing to complete meiotic arrest. This mouse mutant expresses Piwi proteins but lacks piRNAs, suggesting that MOV10L1 is required for piRNA biogenesis and/or loading to Piwi proteins.     

Transcriptional corepression by SHP: molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences

Small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2), an exceptional member of the mammalian nuclear receptor family, directly modulates the activities of conventional nuclear receptors by acting as an inducible and tissue-specific corepressor. Recent progress in dissecting underlying molecular mechanisms, identifying target factors and target genes, and uncovering physiological functions points to the regulatory involvement of SHP in diverse metabolic and intracellular pathways that awaits future clarification. In this review, we carry out a comprehensive survey of all published data and discuss our current understanding of molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences governing SHP action.     

Complications and adverse effects of colonoscopy with selective sedation

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary adverse effects are commonly observed in patients undergoing colonoscopy with sedation. This study determines the incidence of such events when sedation is given only when required. METHODS: In 2500 consecutive patients, colonoscopies were started without premedication but sedation was offered if significant discomfort occurred. Parameters of blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation and patient appearance were continuously recorded by a nurse assistant. Additional adverse effects occurring during or after the procedure were noted in the patients' protocol. Risk factors for the development of complications were evaluated with the use of a logistic regression model and the odds ratio. RESULTS: Ninety-five percent of all patients required neither sedation nor analgesia. Adverse effects occurred in 59 patients (2. 4%). Twenty-six of these patients (1.0%) had short-lasting episodes of oxygen desaturation and 22 patients (0.9%) experienced vasovagal reactions. Mechanical complications occurred in a total of 8 patients (0.3%) and consisted of 2 perforations and 6 episodes of hemorrhage. In the logistic regression model, impaired physical status was the single most important risk factor for the development of cardiopulmonary complications (odds ratio 4.7; 95% confidence interval [2.0, 11.4]). CONCLUSIONS: In experienced hands, patients undergoing colonoscopy rarely require sedation. If selective sedation is used, cardiopulmonary adverse effects occur in approximately 2% of all patients, most of whom require no medical intervention.     

Cathepsin B and its endogenous inhibitor cystatin C in rheumatoid arthritis synovium

OBJECTIVE: To compare the expression of cathepsin B and its endogenous inhibitor cystatin C in synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to determine the cell type expressing cystatin C. METHODS: The expression of cathepsin B and cystatin C was studied by immunohistochemistry in synovial tissue of 10 patients with RA and compared to healthy controls. Applying double labeling methods, the expression of cathepsin B was compared to that of cystatin C. To determine the cell type expressing cystatin C, double labeling with anti-CD68 (PG-M1) was performed. RESULTS: Both cystatin C and cathepsin B were strongly expressed in synoviocytes of patients with RA. Furthermore, fibroproliferative tissue at the site of cartilage and bone destruction contained fibroblast-like and macrophage-like cells positive for cystatin C and cathepsin B, whereas normal synovial tissue exhibited only limited expression of these molecules. Osteoclasts revealed positive staining for CD68 and cystatin C, but not for cathepsin B. CONCLUSION: Cystatin C is a product of both macrophage-like and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. The strong expression of both the matrix degrading cysteine proteinase cathepsin B and the cysteine proteinase inhibitor cystatin C in rheumatoid synovium, particularly at the sites of bone and cartilage erosion, suggests that cystatin C--although increased--is not sufficient to prevent matrix degradation by cathepsin B.     

Pneumatic dilation for achalasia: late results of a prospective follow up investigation

BACKGROUND: and aims: In this prospective study, we determined the long term clinical course of patients with achalasia who were treated by pneumatic dilation using the Browne-McHardy dilator, and determined whether previously described predictors of outcome remain significant after prolonged follow up. METHODS: Between 1981 and 1991, 54 consecutive patients were treated by pneumatic dilation and followed up at regular intervals for a median of 13.8 years. Remission was determined with the use of a structured interview and a previously described symptom score. Duration of remission was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier estimates of time to recurrence. Predictors of outcome were determined using the log rank test. RESULTS: Complete follow up until 2002 was obtained in 98% of all patients. Seven patients had died and were censored. A single pneumatic dilation resulted in a five year remission rate of 40% and a 10 year remission rate of 36%. Repeated dilations only mildly improved the clinical response. Patients who were older than 40 years had a significantly better outcome than younger patients (log rank test, p = 0.0014). However, the most significant predictive factor for a favourable long term outcome was a post-dilation lower oesophageal sphincter pressure of less than 10 mm Hg (log rank test, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Long term results of pneumatic dilation are less favourable than previously thought. Young patients and those not responding to a single pneumatic dilation should be offered alternative therapy. Patients who remain in remission for five years are likely to benefit from the longlasting treatment effect of pneumatic dilation.     

Anal Ultra Slow Waves (A Smooth Muscle Phenomenon Associated with Dyschezia)

Anal ultra slow waves (USWs) have been describedin a variety of anorectal disorders, all of which may beassociated with constipation. We investigated whetherthey represent a marker for dyschezia and whether their occurrence can be modified.Manometric and endosonographic studies were performed in25 patients with dyschezia, in 25 age- and sex-matchedcontrols, and in an equal number of patients with hemorrhoids. Patients exhibiting ultra slowwaves were repeatedly studied with and without localadministration of isosorbide dinitrate. In addition, wedetermined whether stimulatory maneuvers modify the occurrence of USWs. Anal USWs were persistentlyfound in 56% of patients with dyschezia, in 8% ofpatients with hemorrhoids, and in none of the healthycontrols. They were stimulated by anal squeeze and completely abolished by local administration ofisosorbide dinitrate. Ultra slow waves always occurredin conjunction with an increase in anal resting pressureand were tightly associated with a fluctuation in slow wave amplitude. Anal sphinctermorphology was similar in patients with dyschezia and incontrols. We conclude that anal USWs occur mostfrequently in patients with dyschezia and indicatesmooth muscle dysfunction. Treatment directed atabolishing this motor phenomenon may represent a novelapproach to the management of patients withdyschezia.