Premalignant lesions and nonsquamous malignancy of the penis and carcinoma of the scrotum.

Premalignant lesions of the penis include cutaneous horn, balanitis xerotica obliterans, and leukoplakia. The true incidence of progression of each of these to squamous-cell carcinoma is unknown. Bowenoid papulosis, erythroplasia of Queyrat, and Bowen's disease are histologically identical to in situ carcinoma. Although the first is consistently benign, the latter two regularly evolve into invasive cancer. Malignant scrotal lesions include squamous-cell carcinoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, basal-cell carcinoma, extramammary Paget's disease, erythroplasia of Queyrat, malignant melanoma, and metastases. Hemangioma can be confused with carcinoma.     

Aluminium speciation in cerebrospinal fluid of acutely aluminium-intoxicated dialysis patients before and after desferrioxamine treatment; a step in the understanding of the element's neurotoxicity

Background: The association between aluminium and dialysis encephalopathy and deterioration of the neurological state during desferrioxamine treatment of dialysis patients is well established. At present little is known about the speciation and the mechanisms underlying the element's neurotoxicity. Methods. Aluminium speciation was performed in cerebrospinal fluid samples of acutely aluminium-intoxicated dialysis patients using a recently developed high-performance liquid chromatographic/electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometric hybrid method. Results: Baseline cerebrospinal fluid aluminium levels of samples taken shortly after the intoxication were low but elevated (5.0±2.0 &mgr;g/l, n=3) as compared to subjects with normal renal function (<1 &mgr;g/l). In contrast to the situation noted in serum and to the iron speciation in cerebrospinal fluid, aluminium was not bound to transferrin but appeared as two distinct compounds, the main fraction eluting at the elution volume of aluminium citrate/silicate. The second compound was not identified. Forty-four hours after desferrioxamine administration the cerebrospinal fluid aluminium levels had increased up to a concentration of 10.3±2.5 &mgr;g/l (n=3). This was accompanied by a change in the speciation profile with aluminium appearing at the elution volume of aluminoxamine. Conclusion: Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of the neurotoxic effects of aluminium and its desferrioxamine chelate in dialysis patients.     

Possible anatomical base of snoring

Variations of the medial and inferior choanal limits may facilitate snoring. These are: 1) short vomer without crista choanalis vomeris and adaptational formations, 2) extremely concave posterior margin of the hard palate leading to disproportion between the muscular and aponeurotic part of m. tensor veli palatini and hence to a flabby soft palate especially during sleep, and 3) neonatal relation of the height and width of the choane resulting in a very large choanal region instead of relative reduction of choanal width compared to its increasing height. All these variations result in a flabby soft palate especially during sleep and may lead to formation of whirles of inspired air and snoring.     

An evaluation of two signal-processing hearing aids

Various forms of signal processing are used in modern ASP hearing aids. The present study investigated the relationship between sentence recognition ability and two types of signal processing used in commercially available hearing aids. Results indicated a significant improvement in sentence recognition ability employing an instrument with adaptive compression (variable release time) versus an instrument with an adaptive high-pass filter with short attack and release times. Data were obtained for a single-talker competing message at several message-to-competition ratios. The adaptive compression system may prove to be beneficial to hearing-impaired listeners in certain background noise environments.     

How to assess fetal metabolic acidosis from cord samples.

The degree of metabolic acidosis at birth has been calculated in cord artery and vein samples from 21 term fetuses with cord artery pH less than 7.20. The aim of the study was to compare base deficit values calculated from either Siggaard-Andersen alignment nomogram (BD blood) or the Acid-Base chart (BD extra cellular fluid, BDecf). BDblood was found to be consistently higher in the cord artery as compared with BDecf, 13.2 +/- 3.5 and 9.9 +/- 2.9 mmol/l (Mean +/- SD), respectively. A significant correlation was found between cord artery PCO2 and BDblood whereas BDecf appeared unaffected by PCO2. In cases with cord entanglement BDecf a-v differences were increased to 3.4 +/- 2.3 mmol/l as compared with the small a-v difference noted in acidotic cases without cord entanglement, 1.1 +/- 1.25 mmol/l. It is speculated that with acutely emerging, intermittent asphyxia due to cord compression, a cord artery and vein difference in metabolic acidosis may exist and where the vein captures the basal level and the artery the acute changes. It is concluded that BDecf in both cord artery and vein add valuable information on the mechanisms behind metabolic acidosis.