The effect of hyperoxia on migration of alveolar macrophages in vitro.

There is in vitro evidence to support the notion that directed migration (chemotaxis) is involved in the recruitment of alveolar macrophages in vivo. Because O2 is widely used in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, we examined the effect of hyperoxia on migration of guinea pig alveolar macrophages in vitro. Migration was measured in blind-well chambers incubated in either room air or hyperoxia. N-formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine was used to stimulate random migration and to produce directed migration. Migration was quantified by counting the number of mononuclear cells per oil immersion field that had migrated completely through a polycarbonate filter with 5-micrometer pores. The average PO2 in the cell suspensions incubated in room air was 100 mm Hg. In the hyperoxic environments, the average PO2 at 1 h was 260 mm Hg, whereas at 2 and 3 h, it was 410 and 425 mm Hg, respectively. In 6 separate experiments, there was no significant difference between the mean response to N-formyl-methionyl phenylalanine in hyperoxia and in room air after 1 h of incubation. After 2 and 3h of incubation, however, the response in hyperoxia was significantly (P less than 0.002) lower than that in room air. The decreased response in hyperoxia did not appear to result from loss of viability of responding cells, diminished adherence of cells to the filters, loss of activity of N-formyl-methionyl phenylalanine exposed to high PO2, or failure of the cells to exhibit directed migration. Instead, it appeared that hyperoxia decreased the response of alveolar macrophages primarily by impairing random migration.     

Pre-Menopausal Breast Fat Density Might Predict MACE During 10 Years of Follow-Up: The BRECARD Study

ObjectivesThis study sought to determine whether the breast gland adipose tissue is associated with different rates of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in pre-menopausal women.BackgroundTo our knowledge, no study investigated the impact of breast adipose tissue infiltration on MACEs in pre-menopausal women.MethodsProspective multicenter cohort study conducted on pre-menopausal women >40 years of age without cardiovascular disease and breast cancer at enrollment. The study started in January 2000 and ended in January 2009, and the end of the follow-up for the evaluation of MACEs was in January 2019. Participants underwent mammography to evaluate breast density and were divided into 4 groups according to their breast density. The primary endpoint was the probability of a MACE at 10 years of follow-up in patients staged for different breast deposition/adipose tissue deposition.ResultsThe propensity score matching divided the baseline population of 16,763 pre-menopausal women, leaving 3,272 women according to the category of breast density from A to D. These women were assigned to 4 groups of the study according to baseline breast density. At 10 years of follow-up, we had 160 MACEs in group 1, 62 MACEs in group 2, 27 MACEs in group 3, and 16 MACEs in group 4. MACEs were predicted by the initial diagnosis of lowest breast density (hazard ratio: 3.483; 95% confidence interval: 1.476 to 8.257). Further randomized clinical trials are needed to translate the results of the present study into clinical practice. The loss of ex vivo breast density models to study the cellular/molecular pathways implied in MACE is another study limitation.ConclusionsAmong pre-menopausal women, a higher evidence of adipose tissue at the level of breast gland (lowest breast density, category A) versus higher breast density shows higher rates of MACEs. Therefore, the screening mammography could be proposed in overweight women to stage breast density and to predict MACEs. (Breast Density in Pre-menopausal Women Is Predictive of Cardiovascular Outcomes at 10 Years of Follow-Up [BRECARD]; NCT03779217)     

Analysis of the semantic representations of living and nonliving concepts: A normative study

Current feature-based semantic memory models assume that the semantic representations of concepts differ systematically across living and nonliving categories and that such differences account for the emergence of category-specific semantic deficits in brain-damaged people. To assess some of the different models' main assumptions about structural differences at the semantic feature level in the two major semantic domains, we administrated a feature-listing task to normal young volunteers on 64 concepts drawn from living and nonliving semantic categories. We investigated whether feature correlation, a variable with a crucial role in the emergence of category-specific deficits, should be computed as a concept-dependent or as a concept-independent measure, and we chose the former. We also addressed the issue of a psychological counterpart of feature production frequency. Finally, we analysed the database obtained from the feature-listing tasks, looked at cross-domain differences for correlation, feature frequency, distinctiveness, and feature type, and discussed the implications of these findings for current semantic memory models.     

Nerve ultrasound in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: red flags and possible progression biomarkers

Journal of Neurology - Diagnostic delay of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv, v for variant) prevents timely treatment and, therefore, concurs to the mortality of the disease. The aim of...