Evaluation of luteal support therapy in a randomized controlled study within a gamete intrafallopian transfer program

A randomized controlled study of luteal support therapy (using intramuscular injections of progesterone and/or human chorionic gonadotropin) was conducted in a trial designed to minimize variables that might adversely affect the change of pregnancy. After applying rigid selection criteria, 207 women were recruited into one of four groups. Mathematical modeling was applied to the results to determine if there were degrees of improvement in uterine receptivity relative to various grades of embryo quality ("E" factor). Although the trial size was insufficient to enable the detection of significant improvements in the pregnancy rates that ranged from 27.5% for non-treatment to 41.2% for those receiving combined treatment, the birth rates were significantly better with luteal support (11.8% versus 29.4%). Similarly, the overall implantation rate just failed to reach statistical significance for luteal support, but the ongoing implantations were significantly better (3.6% versus 9.0%). Data modeling indicated that luteal support, particularly with the combined regimen, could improve the ongoing implantation rate by up to 2.5-fold when the E factor was poorest.     

Proliferative lesions of oviduct and uterus in CD-1 mice exposed prenatally to tamoxifen

Tamoxifen (TAM) is widely used as adjuvant breast cancer therapy after surgery and as a chemopreventive agent in women of child-bearing age. However, TAM therapy has been shown to result in an increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma in women. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of TAM (5 mg/kg and 7.5 mg/kg body wt) given i.g. to pregnant CD-1 mice (1x/day, days 12 through 18 of gestation) on their female offspring. Progressive proliferative hyperplasia of the oviduct was frequently seen in TAM-exposed offspring, reaching 100% incidence by 52 weeks in both treatment groups. These females also developed progressive proliferative uterine lesions, including moderate/severe cystic endometrial hyperplasia (34-50%) and polypoid adenomas (27-30%) between 53 and 78 weeks. Deciduomas (15%) occurred at young ages (12 and 24 weeks) while leiomyomas (14%), a malignant leiomyosarcoma, and ovarian granulosa cell tumors (14%), were found between 72 and 78 weeks. Our findings thus suggest a strong association between transplacental TAM and reproductive tract abnormalities in female CD-1 mice.      

Hypoglycémie hyperinsulinémique persistante du nouveau-né et du nourrisson

Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia of infancy (PHHI) is the most frequent cause of hypoglycaemia in infancy. Clinical presentation is heterogeneous, with variable onset of hypoglycaemia and response to diazoxide, and presence of sporadic or familial forms. Underlying histopathological lesions can be focal or diffuse. Focal lesions are characterised by focal hyperplasia of pancreatic islet-like cells, whereas diffuse lesions implicate the whole pancreas. The distinction between the two forms is important because surgical treatment and genetic counselling are radically different. Focal lesions correspond to somatic defects which are totally cured by limited pancreatic resection, whereas diffuse lesions require a subtotal pancreatectomy exposing to high risk of diabetes mellitus. Diffuse lesions are due to functional abnormalities involving several genes and different transmission forms. Recessively inherited PHHI have been attributed to homozygote mutations for the beta-cell sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1) or the inward-rectifying potassium-channel (Kir6.2) genes. Dominantly inherited PHHI can implicate the glucokinase gene, particularly when PHHI is associated with diabetes, the glutamate dehydrogenase gene when hyperammonaemia is associated, or another locus.     

Actuarial survival in the premature infant less than 30 weeks' gestation

OBJECTIVE: Because survival from admission to discharge does not provide parents and physicians information about future life expectancy in the premature neonate, we characterized the actuarial survival, defined as the future life expectancy from a given postnatal age, in a large inborn population of premature infants < 30 weeks' gestation. STUDY DESIGN: We determined daily actuarial survival of 1925 inborn infants (23 to 29 weeks' gestation) admitted to the Baylor Affiliated Nurseries from July 1986 through December 1994, stratified by 100-g birth weight and by 1-week gestational-age intervals. RESULTS: In the 501- to 600-g birth weight stratum, actuarial survival improved from 31% at birth, to 61% on day of life 7, and then to 75% on day of life 28; in the 901- to 1000-g birth weight stratum, actuarial survival improved from 88%, to 94%, and then to 98% throughout the same times, respectively. Similar trends were obtained when data were stratified by gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: Survival in the smallest infants improves dramatically during the first few days of life, but there is a significant risk for late death in the smallest of these infants.     

The efficacy of the ketogenic diet-1998: a prospective evaluation of intervention in 150 children

OBJECTIVE: The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, low-protein, low-carbohydrate diet developed in the 1920s for the treatment of children with difficult to control seizures. Despite advances in both the pharmacotherapy and the surgery of epilepsy, many children continue to have difficult-to-control seizures. This prospective study sought to determine the ketogenic diet's effectiveness and tolerability in children refractory to today's medications. METHODS: One hundred fifty consecutive children, ages 1 to 16 years, virtually all of whom continued to have more than two seizures per week despite adequate therapy with at least two anticonvulsant medications, were prospectively enrolled in this study, treated with the ketogenic diet, and followed for a minimum of 1 year. Seizure frequency was tabulated from patients' daily seizure calendars and seizure reduction calculated as percentage of baseline frequency. Adverse events and reasons for diet discontinuation were recorded. RESULTS: The children (mean age, 5.3 years), averaged 410 seizures per month before the diet, despite an exposure to a mean of 6.2 antiepileptic medications. Three months after diet initiation, 83% of those starting remained on the diet and 34% had >90% decrease in seizures. At 6 months, 71% still remained on the diet and 32% had a >90% decrease in seizures. At 1 year, 55% remained on the diet and 27% had a >90% decrease in seizure frequency. Most of those discontinuing the diet did so because it was either insufficiently effective or too restrictive. Seven percent stopped because of intercurrent illness. CONCLUSIONS: The ketogenic diet should be considered as alternative therapy for children with difficult-to-control seizures. It is more effective than many of the new anticonvulsant medications and is well tolerated by children and families when it is effective.     

Physician manipulation of reimbursement rules for patients: between a rock and a hard place

Context  Health plan utilization review rules are intended to enforce insurance contracts and can alter and constrain the services that physicians provide to their patients. Physicians can manipulate these rules, but how often they do so is unknown. Objective  To determine the frequency with which physicians manipulate reimbursement rules to obtain coverage for services they perceive as necessary, and the physician attitudes and personal and practice characteristics associated with these manipulations. Design, Setting, and Participants  A random national sample of 1124 practicing physicians was surveyed by mail in 1998; the response rate was 64% (n = 720). Main Outcome Measure  Use of 3 different tactics "sometimes" or more often in the last year: (1) exaggerating the severity of patients' conditions; (2) changing patients' billing diagnoses; and/or (3) reporting signs or symptoms that patients did not have to help the patients secure coverage for needed care. Results  Thirty-nine percent of physicians reported using at least 1 tactic "sometimes" or more often in the last year. In multivariate models comparing these physicians with physicians who "never" or "rarely" used any of these tactics, physicians using these tactics were more likely to (1) believe that "gaming the system" is necessary to provide high-quality care today (odds ratio [OR], 3.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.54-5.29); (2) have received requests from patients to deceive insurers (OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.72-3.45); (3) feel pressed for time during patient visits (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.21-2.37); and (4) have more than 25% of their patients covered by Medicaid (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.08-2.38). Notably, greater worry about prosecution for fraud did not affect physicians' use of these tactics (P = .34). Of those reporting using these tactics, 54% reported doing so more often now than 5 years ago. Conclusions  A sizable minority of physicians report manipulating reimbursement rules so patients can receive care that physicians perceive is necessary. Unless novel strategies are developed to address this, greater utilization restrictions in the health care system are likely to increase physicians' use of such manipulative "covert advocacy" tactics.      

Assessment of fetal behavior and general movements by four-dimensional sonography

The aim of this paper was to review the clinical applications of four-dimensional ultrasonography in the assessment of fetal behavior. With the use of a computerized database, articles on three-dimensional ultrasonography were reviewed. Several applications of dynamic three-dimensional ultrasonography have been reported, including imaging of fetal movements, facial expression and fetal hand movements. The importance of the assessment of fetal behavior by four-dimensional sonography is stressed. Four-dimensional sonography seems to be a useful imaging tool for clinical problem solving in perinatology, especially in observing the development of the central nervous system in utero.